In the USA, the National Highway System (NHS) Designation Act came into effect in November 1995. It requires every NHS project over $25 million to be subject to a life cycle cost analysis.

In the above example, the initial capital cost increase amounts to 4% for Type 304 and 8% for Type 316.

The above negative effects [...]

Materials management is an important element in project planning and control. Materials represent a major expense in construction, so minimizing procurement or purchase costs presents important opportunities for reducing costs. Poor materials management can also result in large and avoidable costs during construction. First, if materials are purchased early, capital may be tied up and [...]