Different types of buildings suffer different degrees of damage during earthquakes and the same has been studied here. 1. MUD AND ADOBE HOUSES: Unburnt sun dried bricks laid in mud mortar are called adobe construction. Mud houses are the traditional... (Continue reading)
Magnitude: Measure of the amount of energy released during an earthquake. It is usually expressed using Richter scale. Professor Charles Richter noticed that at a constant distance, seismograms records of earthquake ground vibration of larger earthquake have bigger wave amplitude... (Continue reading)
Classification of steel bridges Steel bridges are classified according to The Type Of Traffic Carried The Type Of Main Structural System The Position Of The Carriage Way Relative To The Main Structural System These are briefly discussed in this section.... (Continue reading)
Plate girders became popular in the late 1800′s, when they were used in construction of railroad bridges. The plates were joined together using angles and rivets to obtain plate girders of desired size. By 1950′s welded plate girders replaced riveted... (Continue reading)
Columns foundations need strengthening in the case of applying additional loads. Widening and strengthening of existing foundations may be carried out by constructing a concrete jacket to the existing footings. The new jacket hould be properly anchored to the existing... (Continue reading)
The dimensions of the wall and its reinforcement are in creased by the following steps: 1. Roughing the total area of the concrete surface. 2. Installing steel connectors for the whole surface at 25-30cm spaces in both directions. The diameter... (Continue reading)
Strengthening of reinforced concrete columns is needed when: 1. The load carried by the column is increased due to either increasing the number of floors or due to mistakes in the design. 2. The compressive strength of the concrete or... (Continue reading)
Reinforced concrete beams need strengthening when the existing steel bars in the beam are unsafe or insufficient, or when the loads applied to the beam are increased. In such cases, there are different solutions that could be followed: I-ADDING REINFORCEMENT... (Continue reading)
Many strengthening techniques are available depending on the purpose needed from strengthening. Some of those techniques are explained in details in the following sections. Why do we strengthen or retrofit buildings? Increase in the applied loads. Mistakes or unsafe design.... (Continue reading)
Change in geometry of a structure or structural component under compression – resulting in loss of ability to resist loading is defined as instability. Instability can lead to catastrophic failure that must be accounted in design. Instability is a strength-related... (Continue reading)
Pipelines are a very important part of modern civilization. And pipeline transport has become the most important way of moving fluids from one point to the other. Pipelines have been used for millennia for the movement of water and pipeline... (Continue reading)
An arch may be defined as a plane-curved bar or rib supported and loaded in a way that makes it act in direct compression. For example, the structure in Fig. 1a is a parabolic symmetrical arch that is loaded with... (Continue reading)
Frames: Portal frames are frequently used over the entrance of a bridge and as a main stiffness element in building design in order to transfer horizontal forces applied at the top of the frame to the foundation. On bridges, these... (Continue reading)
Structures on the earth are generally subjected to load of two types static and dynamic. Static loads are constant with time while dynamic loads are time varying. The majority of civil engineering structures are designed with assumptions that all applied... (Continue reading)
An earthquake is vibration of earth surface by waves emerging from the source of disturbance in the earth by virtue of release of energy in the earth’s crust. It is essentially a sudden and transient motion or series of motions... (Continue reading)
Elastic analysis deals with the study of strength and behavior of the members and structure at working loads. Frames can be analyzed by various methods. However, the method of analysis adopted depends upon the types of frame, its configuration (portal... (Continue reading)