What is a flat slab?
•a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete columns without the use of beams

Uses of column heads:
•increase shear strength of slab
•reduce the moment in the slab by reducing the clear or effective span

Uses of drop panels:
•increase shear strength of slab
•increase negative moment capacity of slab
•stiffen the slab and hence reduce deflection

BENEFITS
•Flexibility [...]

Portal Frame Design with Example
Design Steps:
1. Design of slabs
2. Preliminary design of beams and columns
3. Analysis
4. Design of beams
5. Design of Columns
6. Design of footings
Problem:
A portal frame hinged at base has following data:
Spacing of portal frames = 4m
Height of columns = 4m
Distance between column centers = 10m
Live load on roof [...]

SLABS
The floor construction of a dwelling must fulfill several criteria and the following design functions must be taken into consideration.
n The provision of a uniform, level surface
n Sufficient strength and stability
n Exclusion of dampness from inside of building
n Thermal insulation (max.0.45 W/square metre K)
n Resistance to fire
DEFINITION OF SLABS
n Is [...]

Concrete with strengths above 50 MPa is currently used due to an increasing requirement for higher strengths and improved long-term properties. HSC is being utilised in many projects. High-strength concrete members exhibit, in some instances, different failure mechanisms and simply extrapolating models and equations meant for normal strength to high-strength concrete may lead to unsafe [...]