Lightweight, high-strength, polymer concrete, fiber-reinforced concrete, and roller compacted concrete
Proportioning of Concrete Mixes
Properties concerned with in the plastic state
- Workability
Finishing characteristics
Properties concerned in the solid state
- Strength
Modulus of elasticity
- Durability
Porosity
Strength is generally the controlling design factor
fc' = concrete strength
PCA quality requirements of properly proportioned concrete mixtures
Acceptable workability of freshly mixed concrete
Durability, strength and uniform appearance of hardened concrete
Economy
What is Mix Design? Determine the proportions of cement, water, fine & coarse aggregates, and the use of admixtures
Mix design methods:
- Arbitrary Volume Method (1:2:3 cement : sand : coarse aggregate proportion )- Weight Method- Absolute-Volume MethodNote: The absolute volume method is the most accurate method
Basic steps for weight and absolute volume methods
Details covered in lab1. Strength RequirementsThree quantities must be known:1.The specified compressive strength, fc' 2.The variability or standard deviation, s 3.The allowable risk of making concrete with an unacceptable strength fcr' = fc' + 1.34.s, For mixes with a large standard deviation in strength usefcr' = fc + 2.33.s - 3.45 Note: The required fcr' is determined as the large values obtained from the above equations2. Water-Cement (W/C) Ratio Requirements路 Historical data, usually 3 trial batches are made 路 Check for the exposure conditions 3. Coarse Aggregate Requirements路 Most economical mix contains large-dense graded aggregate 路 Round aggregates require less water than angular 路 Maximum allowable size is limited by the dimensions of the structure and the type of construction equipment 路 Fineness modulus- Dependent on the coarse aggregate size and quantity of cement paste- Low fineness modulus is desired for mixes with low cement content to promote workability 4. Air entrainment Requirements路 Used whenever concrete is exposed to freeze-thaw conditions and de-icing salts 路 Used for workability in some situation
Mild Exposure, Moderate Exposure, Severe Exposure
路 Air content decreases with increasing maximum aggregate size 5. Workability Requirements路 The ease of placing, consolidating, the finishing freshly mixed concrete Slump test . Water Content Requirements 路 Dependent on the maximum size, shape of the aggregates, and the use of air entrained admixture 7. Cement Content Requirements路 Cement = weight of water / water cement ratio 路 PCA recommends a minimum content of 334 kg/cu.m 路 No less than 385 kg/cu.m for under water applications 8. Admixture Requirements路 To add a specific quality for the concrete, their quantities should be considered in the mix proportion 9. Fine Aggregate Requirements路 Absolute volume mix method component weight and specific gravity determine volumes of water, aggregate, and cement 路 Bulk SSD specific gravity is used for weight-volume conversions 10. Moisture Corrections路 Adjust the weight of water and aggregates to account for the existing moisture content of the aggregates 11. Trial Mixes路 Used to check mix design 路 3 cylinders are made and cured for 28 days 路 Tested for slump and compressive strength 路 Adjust the mixture if necessary
Mixing Concrete for Small Jobs
路 Jobs requiring less than one cubic meter of concrete 路 Multiply required total weight or volume of concrete mix by the ratio to obtain the total weight of finished component
Mixing and Handling of Fresh Concrete
Batching:Measuring and introducing the concrete ingredients into the mixer. Can be done by either weight or volume路 Batching by weight is more accurate 路 Batching by volume is more common when continuous mixers are used or when mixed by hand Mixing:Can be performed on-site or in ready-mix plants. 路 Central Mixed Concrete - Completely mixed in an RMP 路 Shrink Mixed Concrete - Partially mixed in an RMP 路 Truck Mixed Concrete - Mixed entirely inside the truck Placing(Vibration):Required to consolidate the concrete by releasing excess air voids created during pumping路 Manual - by ramming and tamping the concrete 路 Internal vibrators - a weight is rotated at high speeds inside a spud to cause vibration. 路 Others - external vibrators, vibrating tables, surface vibrators, electric hammers, and vibratory rollers. >>> Too much vibration causes the cement to separate from the aggregatesCuring:Maintaining satisfactory moisture and temperature (above 50 degrees F) in the concrete for a period of time. This allows the concrete to gain strength.Depends on temperature and time (maturity) 路 Affects durability, water tightness, abrasion resistance, volume stability, resistance to freeze and thaw, & resistance to de-icing chemicals
Workability
1. Water - Improves workability in the field, but it decreases the hardened concrete's strength and quality 2. Air - Can change with both mixing and handling.Tests are required to ensure limit has not been exceeded- Pressure MethodBased on Boyle's law, which relates pressure to volume.Not good for lightweight aggregates, since they contain air voids which can be compressed.Most widely used.- Volumetric MethodA displacement method using water. Agitate sample with equal amount of water in a cylinder so the water displaces the air. The changes in volume of water corresponds to the total volume of air.Accuracy of test depends on the time duration of agitation.- Gravimetric MethodComparison of the unit weight of the freshly mixed concrete to the maximum theoretical unit weight (determined using the mix proportions)- Chace Air IndicatorA displacement method using alcohol. This test is not precise and unable to give repeatable results
Curing Concrete
Gain of strength:
Curing Time
% Strength Obtained
No Time Allowed
50%
3 days
60%
7 days
80%
Curing also provides durability, water tightness, abrasion resistance, volume stability, resistance to freeze-thaw and resistance to de-icing chemicals3 ways for curing:1. Maintaining the presence of water by immersion, ponding, spraying, fogging, or wet coverings 2. Preventing loss of mixing water by sealing surface- Tactics used are plastic sheets, membrane-forming compounds, and leaving the forms in place 3. Steam curing, insulating blankets, and other various heating techniques to heat and add additional waterCuring period, dependent upon factors:路 Type of cement 路 Mixture proportions 路 Required strength 路 Weather conditions 路 Size, shape of structure 路 Future exposure conditions 路 Method of curing