Clay roof tile is a ceramic product made up of a solid unit of clay or shale, or both, formed into any shape, generally rectangular planar shapes while in a plastic state and fired in a kiln. Contents:Classification of Clay ...
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FIDIC Suite of Contracts
The International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC, French: Federation Internationale des Ingenieurs-Conseil) drafts and publishes the FIDIC contract suite. The original edition of the FIDIC books dates back to 1957. However, FIDIC has recently published many new contracts to complement ...
Life Cycle Cost: Category, Costing Technique, and Application
Life cycle cost (LCC) is defined as the cost of an asset or its parts throughout its life cycle while fulfilling the required performance. Whole life cost (WLC) is the total of all significant and relevant initial and future costs ...
Submerged Floating Tunnel: Principle, Features, and Challenges
A submerged floating tunnel (SFT), also called Archimedes bridge or suspended tunnel, is a tunnel that floats in water supported by its buoyancy (specifically, by employing the hydrostatic thrust, or Archimedes’ principle). Tunnels in water are not new in civil ...
Tacheometric Surveying: Principle, Procedure, and Advantages
Tacheometric surveying is defined as a method of angular surveying in which a tachometer is used to determine the horizontal and vertical distance between two points. Thus, eliminating the tedious process of chain surveying to measure horizontal distance. Tacheometric surveying ...
Tunnel Shafts: Types, Construction, and Advantages
Tunnel shafts are vertical passages that connect the ground surface to the tunnel roof. Shafts have many advantages and are used in constructing tunnels. When the position and course of the tunnel are correctly aligned and accordingly set out on ...
6 Types of Tunneling Methods for Soft Soil
Soft-ground tunneling methods are commonly used for urban services (subways, sewers, and other utilities). The tunnel structure in soft ground is generally designed to support the entire load of the ground above it, partly because the ground arch in soil ...
Grillage Foundation: Types, Construction, and Advantages
Grillage foundation consists of one or more tiers of beams (steel or timber) superimposed at right angles to each other on a concrete layer to disperse load over an extensive area. This type of foundation is generally used for heavy ...