Kuldeep Singh - Answers
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What is the different between smooth form work and rough form work?
Kuldeep Singh
Formwork that leaves concrete with a smooth finish is smooth formwork, and that which leaves it with a rough finish is rough formwork. When the formwork is removed, the concrete is never completely smooth and needs smoothening, sandblasting or grinding for proper smoothness. Instead, there appear aRead more
Formwork that leaves concrete with a smooth finish is smooth formwork, and that which leaves it with a rough finish is rough formwork.
When the formwork is removed, the concrete is never completely smooth and needs smoothening, sandblasting or grinding for proper smoothness. Instead, there appear a few figs on the surface. If the depth of a considerable number of figs exceeds 10mm, the concrete is said to have a rough finish strictly. When no figs exceed the 10mm depth, concrete can said to have a smooth finish though it may require additional smoothening.
See lessWhat is the best solution for replacing existing lights in order to improve the lighting efficiency of a highway?
Kuldeep Singh
The best solution is a combination of two approaches : Use of more energy efficient lighting : All sodium lamps must be replaced with LEDs which requires a much lower power for running. Use of smart lighting systems : lights should burn as per requirement. When there's no traffic, the street lightsRead more
The best solution is a combination of two approaches :
Why are 6 cubes cast for testing the Compressive Strength?
Kuldeep Singh
Whenever testing for cube strength, it is always advised to make and test three specimens from the same mix. This is done to reduce or average out the error due to manually introduced differences in the three cubes. Now, concrete and cement are always tested at both 7 days and 28 days for compressivRead more
Whenever testing for cube strength, it is always advised to make and test three specimens from the same mix. This is done to reduce or average out the error due to manually introduced differences in the three cubes.
Now, concrete and cement are always tested at both 7 days and 28 days for compressive strength. The compressive strength at seven days is known to be 65% of the final (28 days) strength. This double testing is done so that if the seven days strength is found inappropriate, the cubes may be straight away discarded to save 21 days’ time because the 28-day strength will also probably be below par. Now, a time even earlier than seven days is not chosen because, at that age, strength gain is very steep, and there’s a higher margin of error. Also, seven days is a round figure.
For both the tests, 3 cubes each are employed. Hence, a total of 6 cubes go through the compression test.
See lessWhat is difference between Asphalt and Bitumen?
Kuldeep Singh
Nothing. They mean the same thing from a civil engineering perspective, strictly speaking. But, sometimes people say they're different because they misunderstand asphalt concrete or Hot mix asphalt (HMA) as asphalt, which is wrong. Also, from a petroleum engineer's point of view, they are actually dRead more
Nothing. They mean the same thing from a civil engineering perspective, strictly speaking.
But, sometimes people say they’re different because they misunderstand asphalt concrete or Hot mix asphalt (HMA) as asphalt, which is wrong.
Also, from a petroleum engineer’s point of view, they are actually different. Bitumen is the naturally occurring material found as a residue in crude oil distillation, and asphalt is the same thing manufactured in a plant.
See lessWhy is the characteristic compressive strength fck reduced to 0.67 fck?
Kuldeep Singh
I agree with the reason given by CB Sowmya, but only partially. We don't assume concrete strength to be 2/3rd of the characteristic strength, but there's a logical reason behind it. She's only stated the shape factor with the correct 20% decrease in strength, but there is also a size factor. What haRead more
I agree with the reason given by CB Sowmya, but only partially.
We don’t assume concrete strength to be 2/3rd of the characteristic strength, but there’s a logical reason behind it. She’s only stated the shape factor with the correct 20% decrease in strength, but there is also a size factor.
What happens is, first of all, due to slenderness, concrete cylinders have shown to have 80% of the characteristic strength corresponding to 150mm cubes. But also, even concrete cubes of sizes exceeding 450mm show only 85% the strength as compared to the standard 150mm ones. Since the concrete members will neither be cubes and not just 450mm, we need to take into account both the factors.
So, the new compressive strength becomes 0.8*0.85*fck = 0.68 fck. Now, 0.68 fck is very close to 0.67 fck or fck/1.5. So, for a rounder figure, we take it as 0.67 fck.
Note: This 1.5 isn’t the factor of safety. (FoS). A factor of 1.5 is further applied for design and the design strength becomes 0.67 fck / 1.5 = 0.446 fck.
See lessWho have higher modulus of elasticity rubber or steel
Kuldeep Singh
Steel has a higher modulus of elasticity than a rubber. In fact, way higher. The value is 200 GPa for steel and way less for rubber. Rubber is more stretchable than steel, which means that rubber has a lower modulus of elasticity anyway.
Steel has a higher modulus of elasticity than a rubber. In fact, way higher.
The value is 200 GPa for steel and way less for rubber.
Rubber is more stretchable than steel, which means that rubber has a lower modulus of elasticity anyway.
See lessWhat is boundry line in plan of construction site?
Kuldeep Singh
Boundary line in the plan of the site means the outline of the site beyond which the ownership of the owner of the land where the site is, ends and someone else's land or government property begins. It is basically the boundary of the plot.
Boundary line in the plan of the site means the outline of the site beyond which the ownership of the owner of the land where the site is, ends and someone else’s land or government property begins.
It is basically the boundary of the plot.
See lessWhy does modulus of elasticity of concrete reduce with time?
Kuldeep Singh
The elastic modulus of concrete gets reduced with age due to creep. Creep is the process of gradual development of deflections, deformations, and loss of strength with time due to.prolonged action of a constant load. The modified modulus of elasticity becomes : E' = E/Θ where Θ : creep coefficient
The elastic modulus of concrete gets reduced with age due to creep. Creep is the process of gradual development of deflections, deformations, and loss of strength with time due to.prolonged action of a constant load.
The modified modulus of elasticity becomes :
E’ = E/Θ
where Θ : creep coefficient
See less