What is an Outcrop in the Rocks? What is its significance in civil engineering?
The capacity of the soil to allow the loads coming from the foundation is called the bearing capacity of the soil. It is essential to know the bearing capacity of the soil before designing the foundation. Different field tests can determine it. However, standard safe bearing capacity values are avaiRead more
The capacity of the soil to allow the loads coming from the foundation is called the bearing capacity of the soil.
It is essential to know the bearing capacity of the soil before designing the foundation. Different field tests can determine it. However, standard safe bearing capacity values are available for different soil types, and these values can be assumed where test data is limited or speedy construction is required.
S.No | Type of Soil | Safe Bearing Capacity ( kN/m2) |
Cohesive Soils | ||
1. | Soft shale, hard or stiff clay in a deep bed, dry state | 440 |
2. | Medium clay readily indented with a thumbnail | 245 |
3. | Moist clay and Sand clay mixture, which can be indented by thumb pressure | 150 |
4. | Black cotton soil/expansive clay ( 50% saturated) in the dry state | 130 to 160 |
5. | Soft clay indented with moderate thumb pressure | 100 |
6. | Very soft clay which can be penetrated with the thump up to few centimeters | 50 |
Cohesionless Soil | ||
7. | Compact gravel/sand and gravel mixture with good resistance against penetration of tools | 440 |
8. | Compact and dry coarse sand | 440 |
9. | Compact and dry medium sand | 245 |
10. | Loose gravel or sandy gravel mixture, dry state | 245 |
11. | Fine sand and silt ( consists of dry lumps) | 150 |
12. | Loose and dry fine sand | 100 |
Rocks | ||
13. | Hard rocks such as granite trap, diorite, etc. | 3240 |
14. | Laminated rocks such as sandstone, limestone, etc. | 1620 |
15. | Residual deposits of shattered and broken bedrock and hard shale cemented material | 880 |
16. | Soft rocks | 440 |
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Rock outcrops are defined as visible exposures of bedrock or other geologic formations at the surface of the Earth. Rock outcrops take many different forms within the Park, ranging from the massive granite boulders of Old Rag Mountain, to the sheer cliffs of Little Stony Man, and the jumbled boulderRead more
Rock outcrops are defined as visible exposures of bedrock or other geologic formations at the surface of the Earth. Rock outcrops take many different forms within the Park, ranging from the massive granite boulders of Old Rag Mountain, to the sheer cliffs of Little Stony Man, and the jumbled boulder fields of Blackrock.
Most civil engineering projects involve some excavation of soils and rocks, or involve loading the Earth by building on it. In some cases, the excavated rocks may be used as constructional material, and in others, rocks may form a major part of the finished product, such as a motorway cutting or the site f or a reservoir. The feasibility, the planning and design, the construction and costing, and the safety of a project may depend critically on the geological conditions where the construction will take place. This is especially the case in extended ‘greenfield’ sites, where the area affected by the project stretches for kilometres, across comparatively undeveloped ground. Examples include the Channel Tunnel project and the construction of motorways. In a section of the M9 motorway linking Edinburgh and Stirling that crosses abandoned oil-shale workings, realignment of the road, on the advice of government geologists, led to a substantial saving. In modest projects, or in those involving the redevelopment of a limited site, the demands on the geological knowledge of the engineer or the need for geological advice will be less, but are never negligible. Site investigation by boring and by testing samples may be an adequate preliminary to construction in such cases.
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