Which instrument is widely used for surveying?
APPEARANCE The stone to be used for facework must have uniform and pleasing color. It must be free from cavities, crack, flaws and patches of loose and soft materials. STRENGTH A good bldg stone should have sufficient crushing strength to withstand the load of superstructure. It should ≮ 1000 kg/cm²Read more
APPEARANCE
- The stone to be used for facework must have uniform and pleasing color.
- It must be free from cavities, crack, flaws and patches of loose and soft materials.
STRENGTH
- A good bldg stone should have sufficient crushing strength to withstand the load of superstructure.
- It should ≮ 1000 kg/cm².
HARDNESS, TOUGHNESS AND RESISTANCE TO ABRASION
- The stone to be used in stone pavements, as railway ballast or road metal must be sufficiently hard, tough, resistance to abrasion.
- It must be able to resist wear and tear.
DURABILITY
- A good bldg stone must be durable enough to resist the effect of weathering against eg., rain, wing, temp, etc.
- It should have fine grained, compact, and crystalline structure.
TEXTURE
A good bldg stone should have a closed grained and compact texture.
WORKABILITY
The stone to be used for ornamental craving and architectural appearance should be easily and economically dressed.
SEASONING
The stone to be used for an imp interior work should be well seasoned. Presence of moisture makes the stone soft and it is liable to an early decay when used in structural work.
POROSITY
- A good bldg stone should be less porous.
- It should not absorb more than 5% of water.
- Any stone absorbing 10% of water should be rejected.
RESISTANCE TO FIRE
- A good bldg stone should be able to resist high temp.
- Its minerals constitutes should have equal coeff for expansion.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- The stone to be used on heavy engg works, docks, harbours, gravity dams, etc must have high specific gravity.
- Its varies from 2.4 – 2.8.
RESISTANCE TO ELECTRICITY
- A good bldg stone should be non-absorbent like marble and slate etc.
- It can offer good resistance to electricity.
Komal Bhandakkar
Instrument used for survey are listed below: 1) Instruments for chaining: A)Chain: i) Metric Chain ii) Gunter's Chain iii) Engineers Chain iv) Revenue Chain V) Steel Band or Band Chain B) Tapes: I) Cloth or linen tape ii) Metallic Tape iii) Steel Tape iv) Invar Tape C)Arrows D) Pegs E)Read more
Instrument used for survey are listed below:
1) Instruments for chaining:
A)Chain:
i) Metric Chain
ii) Gunter’s Chain
iii) Engineers Chain
iv) Revenue Chain
V) Steel Band or Band Chain
B) Tapes:
I) Cloth or linen tape
ii) Metallic Tape
iii) Steel Tape
iv) Invar Tape
C)Arrows
D) Pegs
E) Ranging Rods
F) Offset Rods
G) Plumb Bobs
2) Instrument for measuring horizontal & vertical angles:
I) Theodolite:
a) Transit Theodolite
b) Non-Transit Theodolite
3) Levelling Instrument: Dumpy Level