Roughening devices are installed at the downstream end of the channel and their main function is to dissipate energy from water flow coming on to the downstream bed. Different types of roughening devices generally used are friction blocks, biff walls, ...
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Cistern and its Types
A cistern is an element of canal fall and it is provided on the downstream portion to dissipate the surplus energy of water leaving the crest. The purpose of a cistern and different types of cisterns are briefly explained in ...