Types of Columns in Building Construction
Columns are classified based on the several conditions which include:- Based on Types of Reinforcement
- Based on Types of Loading
- Based on Slenderness Ratio
- Based on Shape
- Based on Construction Material
1. Tied Column
This type of column is commonly construction from reinforced concrete. Longitudinal reinforcement are confined within closely spaced tie reinforcement. It is estimated that 95% of all columns in buildings are tied.
Fig. 1: Tied column
2. Spiral Column
Spiral column is also construction from reinforced concrete. In this type of column, longitudinal bars are confined within closely spaced and continuously wound spiral reinforcement. Spiral reinforcement provide lateral restrains (Poisson’s effect) and delays axial load failure (ductile).
Fig. 2: Spiral Column
3. Composite column
When the longitudinal reinforcement is in the form of structural steel section or pipe with or without longitudinal bars, it is called as a composite column. This type of column have high strength with fairly small cross section, in addition to exhibit good fire performance.
Fig. 3: Composite column
4. Axially Loaded Column
If vertical axial loads act on the center of gravity of the cross-section of the column, then it is termed as axially loaded column. Axially loaded column is rare in construction since coinciding vertical loads on the center of gravity of column cross section is not practical. Interior column of multi-storey buildings with symmetrical loads from floor slabs from all sides is an example of this type of column.
Fig. 4: Axially loaded column
5. Column with Uniaxial Eccentric Loading
When vertical loads do not coincide with center of gravity of column cross section, but rather act eccentrically either on X or Y axis of the column cross section, then it is called uniaxially eccentric loading column. Column with uniaxial loading are generally encountered in the case of columns rigidly connected beam from one side only such as edge columns.
Fig. 5: Column with uniaxial eccentric loading
6. Column with Biaxial Eccentric Loading
When vertical on the column is not coincide with center of gravity of column cross section and does not act on either axis (X and Y axis), then the column is called biaxially eccentric loaded column. Columns with biaxial loading is common in corner columns with beams rigidly connected at right angles at the top of columns.
Fig. 6: Column with biaxial eccentric loading
6. Short Column
If the ratio effective length of the column to the least lateral dimension is less than 12, the column is called as the short column. A short column fails by crushing (pure compression failure).
Fig. 7: Short column
7. Long Column
If the ratio effective length of the column to the least lateral dimension exceeds 12, it is called as long column. A long column fails by bending or buckling.
Fig. 8: Long column
8. Square or Rectangular Column
They are generally used in the construction of buildings. It is much easier to construct and cast rectangular or square columns than circular ones because of ease of shuttering and to support it from collapsing due to pressure while the concrete is still in flowable form.
Fig. 9: Square column
9. Circular column
They are specially designed columns, which are mostly used in piling and elevation of the buildings.
Fig. 10: Circular column
10. L-Shape Column
Commonly, L-shaped column is utilized in the corners of the boundary wall and has similar characteristics of a rectangular or square column.
Fig. 11: L-shaped column
11. T-Shape column
It is utilized based on design requirements of a structure. T-Shaped column is widely used in the construction of bridges.
Fig. 12: T-shaped column
12. Shape of Steel Column
There are different standard and built up shape of steel columns which are shown in Fig. and Fig. Common shapes of steel columns include I, channel, equal angle, and T-shape.
Fig. 13: Steel column cross section shape (Standard)
Fig. 14: Steel column cross section shape (built up)
13. Shape of Composite Column
The usual shape of composite columns are shown in Fig.
Fig. 15: Composite column shape
14. Reinforced Concrete, Steel, timber, Brick, Block, and Stone Column.
Fig. 16: Types of Column; A-reinforced concrete, B- steel, C-timber, D-brick, E-block, and F-stone