What is a flat slab?
•a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete columns without the use of beams

Uses of column heads:
•increase shear strength of slab
•reduce the moment in the slab by reducing the clear or effective span

Uses of drop panels:
•increase shear strength of slab
•increase negative moment capacity of slab
•stiffen the slab and hence reduce deflection

BENEFITS
•Flexibility [...]

Precast concrete means a concrete member that is cast and cured at a location other than its final designated location. The use of reinforced concrete is a relatively recent invention, usually dated to 1848 when jean-Louis Lambot became the first to use it. Joseph Monier, a French gardener, patented a design for reinforced garden [...]

Concrete with strengths above 50 MPa is currently used due to an increasing requirement for higher strengths and improved long-term properties. HSC is being utilised in many projects. High-strength concrete members exhibit, in some instances, different failure mechanisms and simply extrapolating models and equations meant for normal strength to high-strength concrete may lead to unsafe [...]

The detailing of reinforcement is as important as the analysis and design of any RCC members. Specially it is true in the design of structures against the SEISMIC forces. The most and very important aspect of detailing is well documented in the text book on “SEISMIC DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AND MASONRY BUILDINGS by T.Paulay [...]

The detailing of reinforcement is as important as the analysis and design of any RCC members. Specially it is true in the design of structures against the SEISMIC forces. The most and very important aspect of detailing is well documented in the text book on “SEISMIC DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AND MASONRY BUILDINGS by T.Paulay [...]