A bituminous surface treatment (BST) is a chip seal or seal coat. It’s a liquid asphalt surface treatment with a thin layer of aggregate placed at a thickness of around 0.5 inches or less. BSTs are normally used on pavements ...
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Clay Roof Tiles: Types, Properties, and Advantages
Clay roof tile is a ceramic product made up of a solid unit of clay or shale, or both, formed into any shape, generally rectangular planar shapes while in a plastic state and fired in a kiln. Classification of Clay ...
FIDIC Suite of Contracts
The International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC, French: Federation Internationale des Ingenieurs-Conseil) drafts and publishes the FIDIC contract suite. The original edition of the FIDIC books dates back to 1957. However, FIDIC has recently published many new contracts to complement ...
Parallel-Seismic Test on Pile Foundation
Parallel-seismic tests are non-destructive surface techniques used to test the quality of pile foundations. It is used to determine the length and integrity of pile foundations that are not accessible (too long and slender or buried below a pile cap). ...
What is Longitudinal Skin Reinforcement in a Beam?
Longitudinal skin reinforcement is deformed bars, wires, or bonded prestressed reinforcement placed uniformly on both sides of the vertical face of the tension zone in relatively deep beams to control crack width. If the deep beam is not equipped with ...
Non-Destructive Testing of Underwater Concrete Structures
Non-destructive testing (NDT) is performed on underwater concrete structures as a part of structural investigation, routine preventive maintenance programs, or examinations prompted by an accident or catastrophic event. Some of the underwater concrete NDT techniques include sounding, echo sounders, side-scan sonar, ...
Tunnel Shafts: Types, Construction, and Advantages
Tunnel shafts are vertical passages that connect the ground surface to the tunnel roof. Shafts have many advantages and are used in constructing tunnels. When the position and course of the tunnel are correctly aligned and accordingly set out on ...
How to Become a LEED Accredited Professional (AP) in the U.S?
The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) provides Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) credentials representing an individual’s proficiency in sustainable design, construction and operation standards. It is a credential that takes one’s green-building career to the next level. LEED ...