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sanjaypakad - Answers

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  1. Asked: July 10, 2020In: Construction

    What are the properties of good building stones?

    sanjaypakad

    sanjaypakad

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    sanjaypakad Beginner
    Added an answer on October 12, 2020 at 11:18 am

    REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD BUILDING STONES The following are the quality requirements of good building stones: 1. STRENGTH Generally most of the building stones have high strength to resist the load coming on it. Therefore it is not of prime concern when it comes to check the quality of stones. But when tRead more

    REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD BUILDING STONES

    The following are the quality requirements of good building stones:

    1. STRENGTH

    Generally most of the building stones have high strength to resist the load coming on it. Therefore it is not of prime concern when it comes to check the quality of stones. But when the stones are to be used in large structures, it becomes necessary to check the compressive strength of stones.

    Compressive strength of building stones generally fall within the range of 60 to 200N/mm2.

    2. DURABILITY

    Building stones should be capable to resist the adverse effects of natural forces like wind, rain and heat. It must be durable and should not deteriorate due to the adverse effects of the above natural forces.

    3. HARDNESS

    When stones are used in floors, pavements or aprons of bridges, they become subjected to wearing and abrasive forces caused by movement of men or machine over them. So it is required to test hardness of stone.

    Hardness of stone is determined by Mohs scale.

    4. TOUGHNESS

    Toughness of stones means it ability to resist impact forces. Building stones should be tough enough to sustain stresses developed due to vibrations. The vibrations may be due to the machinery mounted over them or due to the loads moving over them. The stone aggregates used in the road constructions should be tough.

    5. SPECIFIC GRAVITY

    The more the specific gravity of stone, the more heavier and stronger the stone is.

    Therefore stones having higher specific gravity values should be used for the construction of dams, retaining walls, docks and harbors. The specific gravity of good building stone is between 2.4 and 2.8.

    6. POROSITY AND ABSORPTION

    Porosity of building stones depend upon the mineral constituent and structural formation of the parent rock. If stones used in building construction are porous then rain water can easily enter into the pore spaces and cause damage to the stones. Therefore building stone should not be porous.

    Water absorption of stone is directly proportional to the porosity of rock. If a stone is more porous then it will absorb more water and cause more damage to stone.

    In higher altitudes, the freezing of water in pores takes place and it results into the disintegration of the stone.

    Permissible limits of water absorption for some the commonly used building stones are as follow.

    Type of Stone Maximum limit of Water Absorption (%)
    Sandstone 10
    Limestone 10
    Granite 1
    Shale 10
    Slate 1
    Quartzite 3

    7. DRESSING

    Giving required shape to the stone is called dressing. It should be easy to dress so that the cost of dressing is reduced. However, the care should be taken so that, this is not be at the cost of the required strength and the durability.

    8. APPEARANCE

    In case of the stones to be used for face works, where appearance is a primary requirement, its colour and ability to receive polish is an important factor.

    Light colored stones are more preferred than dark colored stones as the colour are likely to fade out with time.

    9. SEASONING

    Good stones should be free from the quarry sap. Lateritic stones should not be used for 6 to 12 months after quarrying. They are allowed to get rid of quarry sap by the action of nature. This process of removing quarry sap is called seasoning.

    10. WORKABILITY

    Stone should be workable. Stone is said to be workable when the work involved in stone working (such as cutting, dressing & shaping) is economical and easy to conduct.

    11. COST

    Cost is an important consideration in selecting a building material. Proximity of the quarry to building site brings down the cost of transportation and hence the cost of stones comes down.

    12. FIRE RESISTANCE

    Stones should be free from calcium carbonate, oxides of iron, and minerals having different coefficients of thermal expansion. Igneous rock show marked disintegration principally because of quartz which disintegrates into small particles at a temperature of about 575°C. Limestone, however, can withstand a little higher temperature; i.e. up to 800°C after which they disintegrate.

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  2. Asked: October 5, 2020In: Interview Questions

    What is the reason behind the initial setting time of cement should not be less that 30min.?

    sanjaypakad

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    sanjaypakad Beginner
    Added an answer on October 8, 2020 at 5:37 pm

    In this time cement can be molded in any desired shape without losing its strength. This is the time at which the hardening of the cement starts and the only time available for mixing the paste and placing it in position. if this time less then 30 min then can’t molded in any shape in many situationRead more

    In this time cement can be molded in any desired shape without losing its strength. This is the time at which the hardening of the cement starts and the only time available for mixing the paste and placing it in position. if this time less then 30 min then can’t molded in any shape in many situations.

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  3. Asked: October 5, 2020In: Miscellaneous

    What is the difference between Water Content and Lod?

    sanjaypakad

    sanjaypakad

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    sanjaypakad Beginner
    Added an answer on October 8, 2020 at 5:37 pm

    Water content is determined by the Karl Fischer titration method and it consists of only water i.e moisture content. ... Loss on drying (LOD) is determined by heating the sample below its melting point in an oven and it includes all volatile matter including water content and solvents.

    Water content is determined by the Karl Fischer titration method and it consists of only water i.e moisture content. … Loss on drying (LOD) is determined by heating the sample below its melting point in an oven and it includes all volatile matter including water content and solvents.

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  4. Asked: September 5, 2020In: Geotechnical Engineering

    What is negative pore water pressure in soil?

    sanjaypakad

    sanjaypakad

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    sanjaypakad Beginner
    Added an answer on October 8, 2020 at 5:36 pm

    The pressure is zero when the soil voids are filled with air, and is negative when the voids are partly filled with water (in which case surface-tension forces operate to achieve a suction effect and the shear strength of the soil is increased).

    The pressure is zero when the soil voids are filled with air, and is negative when the voids are partly filled with water (in which case surface-tension forces operate to achieve a suction effect and the shear strength of the soil is increased).

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  5. Asked: September 19, 2020In: Geotechnical Engineering

    What is adsorbed water, and how does it affect the permeability of soil?

    sanjaypakad

    sanjaypakad

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    sanjaypakad Beginner
    Added an answer on October 8, 2020 at 5:36 pm

    Adsorbed water The term 'Adsorbed water' as it applies to the area of reclamation can be defined as ' Water in a soil or rock mass, held by physico-chemical forces, having physical properties substantially different from absorbed water or chemically combined water, at the same temperature and pressuRead more

    Adsorbed water

    The term ‘Adsorbed water’ as it applies to the area of reclamation can be defined as ‘ Water in a soil or rock mass, held by physico-chemical forces, having physical properties substantially different from absorbed water or chemically combined water, at the same temperature and pressure’.

    How affects the permeability :

    Fine particles of clay are surrounded by films of adsorbed water. Forces of adsorption and development of diffuse ion-layer around the clay particles create immobilized hydrodynamic layers of water, thereby reducing the effective pore space available for seepage.

     

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  6. Asked: December 6, 2017In: Concrete

    What Materials can be used as Fine Aggregate Replacement in Concrete?

    sanjaypakad

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    sanjaypakad Beginner
    Added an answer on October 5, 2020 at 10:36 pm

    It depends the nearby availability of replaceable materials as fine aggregate. Like rise husk fly ash agri waste river sand GGBS Recycled crushed aggregate Crushed stone crushed bricks

    It depends the nearby availability of replaceable materials as fine aggregate. Like

    • rise husk
    • fly ash
    • agri waste
    • river sand
    • GGBS
    • Recycled crushed aggregate
    • Crushed stone
    • crushed bricks
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  7. Asked: November 30, 2017In: Concrete

    Does Fly Ash Contain Radioactive Elements?

    sanjaypakad

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    sanjaypakad Beginner
    Added an answer on October 5, 2020 at 10:33 pm

    analysis by different agencies and researchers  found that fly ash typically contained 10 to 30 ppm of uranium.

    analysis by different agencies and researchers  found that fly ash typically contained 10 to 30 ppm of uranium.

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  8. Asked: December 10, 2018In: Concrete

    How to calculate the quantity of water for a given concrete mix.?

    sanjaypakad

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    sanjaypakad Beginner
    Added an answer on September 7, 2020 at 6:12 pm

    w/c ratio is the weight ratio of the quantity of water used and weight of cement used in a particular concrete mixture. w/c ratio = (water weight)/(cement weight) If you do not know what number to use for the (w/c) ratio, please refer to the standards (depending on the country you reside/ where youRead more

    w/c ratio is the weight ratio of the quantity of water used and weight of cement used in a particular concrete mixture.

    w/c ratio = (water weight)/(cement weight)

    If you do not know what number to use for the (w/c) ratio, please refer to the standards (depending on the country you reside/ where you want to use the concrete) regarding the maximum limits on the w/c ratio.

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