AdityaBhandakkar - Answers

Hi Emmyvin,

• Mansion

In a designer look with private swimming pools, landscaped surrounding greens and terraces, double-height patios, private elevators, and sun decks if the project is undertaken by the builders of high repute. A bungalow expresses a bit traditional kind of living space while luxury villas are being given a series of high-end modern facilities. Indian bungalows are different from villas and are mostly the properties coming to an heir from his ancestors. While villas are built in pre-demarcated plots; bungalows are completely detached houses that are built on an independent land. The owner bears the responsibility to develop the property in case of bungalow; while a villa can be called a representation of modern community living. In the present times, villas are given the garb of gated communities to offer enhanced security to the dwellers.

• Duplex Houses Duplex houses are anytime cheaper than bungalows and luxury villas. The owner can only remodel the whole construction but within the given confines of the space.The property is developed in a small stretch of land and has no scope to grow further.

Hi,

The profit and loss account and cash flow statement are introductory presentations of the company’s activities. And they are straightforward to understand.

a) Profit and loss statement: All you need to remember is that whatever income is received by the company is written on credit (right) side. Whatever expense is incurred by the company is written on the debit (left) side of the statement. The key figures on the right side to focus are sales revenue and any other income the organization has earned during that period. It is essential to observe the primary sources of payment for the company. Naturally, on a bank’s P&L account, it would be mainly interest received from loans and advances, and investments. For a manufacturing organization, it should be sales proceeds from its products and other ancillary services. Similarly, the debit (left) side shows the expenses/losses incurred by the organization during that period. You may focus on a particular kind of payments like personnel cost, cost of materials, advertising and marketing expenditure, etc.

b) Cashflow statement is slightly more technical in its composition than profit and loss account. It consists of mainly 3 parts: 1) Operating activities (core business activities), 2) Investing activities representing investments made by the company, and 3) Financing activities representing the capital structure of the company. Consider this. Walmart sells wares on its online portal. But it needs money to run its operations. So, say it raises $ 1 million from some source. Now, it invests $ 0.5 million from the amount in building the online infrastructure and logistics network and uses $ 0.5 million in the routine operations of the firm. > 1 million raised will be a part of financing activities in CFS. > o.5 million used in advertisement will be a part of investing activities in CFS. > 0.5 million used in daily operations will be a part of operating activities in CFS.

Hi, Following are some Codes used in Pune metro constructions(INDIA).

1. IRS
2. IRC
3. IS
4. AASHTO

Indian Railway Standards(IRS)

IRS – Bridge Rules for loading (Min. of Railway)

IRS – Code of practice for Steel bridges.

IRS – Code of practice for plain, reinforcement and prestressed concrete for general Bridge construction, latest revision.

IRS – Code of practice for the design of substructures and foundation of bridges. Indian Roads Congress (IRC) Standards (with Latest Revisions, Addendum &Corrections) IRC 5: 1985 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section I – General Features ofDesign IRC 6: 2000 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section II – Loads and Stresses IRC 10: 1961 Recommended Practice for Borrow pits for Road Embankments Constructed by ManualOperation IRC 18: 1985 Design Criteria for Prestressed Concrete Road Bridges (PostTensioned Concrete) IRC 19: 1977 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Water BoundMacadam IRC 21: 1987 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges Section III – Cement Concrete (Plain and reinforced) IRC 22: 1986 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section VI – Composite Construction for RoadBridges IRC 24: 1967 Standard Specifications and Code of practice for Road Bridges, Section V – Steel Road Bridges IRC 36: 1970 Recommended Practice for the Construction of Earth Embankments for Road Works IRC 37: 1984 Guidelines for the Design of FlexiblePavement IRC 45: 1972 Recommendations for Estimating the Resistance of Soil below the maximum Scour Level in the Design of Well Foundations ofBridges IRC 48: 1972 Tentative Specifications for Bituminous surface Dressing using Pre-coated Aggregates IRC 75: 1979 Guidelines for the Design of HighEmbankments IRC 78: 2000 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section VII (Parts 1 and 2), foundations and substructure Standard Specifications and code of practice for Road Bridges, SectionIX – Bearings Part I & II: Bearings (Metallic and elastomeric) IRC 87: 1984 Guidelines for the Design and Erection of False Work for RoadBridges IRC: SP 11 1958 Handbook of quality Control for Construction of Roads and runways. IS: Codes: National building code SP 7: 1983 Bureau of Indian Standards IS 73: 1992 Paving Bitumen IS 215: 1995 Road Tar IS 217: 1988 Cutback Bitumen IS 226: 1975 Structural steel (standard quality) IS 269: 1989 33 grade Ordinary Portland Cement IS 278: 1978 Galvanised steel barbed wire for fencing IS 280: 1978 Mild Steel wire for general engineering purposes IS 281: 1991 Mild Steel siding door bolts for use with padlocks IS 383: 1970 Coarse and fine aggregates IS 432: 1982 Mild steel and medium tensile steel bars and hard-drawn steel wire for concrete reinforcement (Part 1) Mild steel and medium tensile steel bars (Part 2) Hard-drawn steel wire IS 455: 1989 Portland slag cement IS 456: 2000 Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete IS 457: 1957 Code of practice for general construction IS 515: 1959 Natural and manufactured aggregates for use in mass concrete IS 516: 1959 Method of test for the strength of concrete IS 650: 1991 Standard sand for testing cement IS 800: 1984 Code of practice for general construction in steel structures IS 814: 1991 Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of carbon and carbon manganese steel IS 815: 1974 Classification coding of covered electrodes for metal are welding of structural steel IS 823: 1964 Code of procedure for manual metal arc welding of mild steel IS 875: 1987 Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and structures IS 1077: 1992 Common burnt, clay building bricks IS 1080: 1986 Design and construction of shallow foundation in soil (other than the raft ring and shell) IS 1161: 1979 Steel tubes for structural purposes IS 1239: 1990 Mild steel tubes, tubular and other wrought steel fittings (Part 1) Mild steel tubes (Part 2) Mild steel tubular and other wrought steel pipe fittings IS 1322: 1993 Bitumen felts for waterproofing and damp-proofing IS 1343: 1980 Code of practice for Prestressed concrete IS 1489: 1991 Portland Pozzolana Cement IS 1732: 1989 Dimensions for round and square steel bars for structural and general engineering purposes IS 1785: 1983 Plain hard-drawn steel wire for prestressed concrete (Part 1) Cold-drawn stress-relieved wire (Part 2) As drawn wire FOREIGN STANDARDS ASTM D-297 Methods for Rubber Product Chemical Analysis ASTM D-395 Compression set of vulcanized rubber ASTM D-412 Tension testing of vulcanized rubber ASTM D-429 Adhesion of vulcanized rubber-metal ASTM D-573 Accelerated ageing of vulcanized rubber by the oven method ASTM D-624 Tear resistance of vulcanized rubber ASTM D-797 Young’s Modulus in flexure of elastomer at normal and subnormal temperature ASTM D-1149 Accelerated Ozone cracking of vulcanized rubber ASTM D-1559 Test for resistance to plastic flow of bituminous mixtures using Marshall Apparatus ASTM D-2166 Test methods for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soils ASTM 0-2172 Extraction, quantitative, of bitumen from bituminous paving mixtures ASTM 0-2240 Indentation hardness of rubber and plastic using a Durometer ASTM 0-2434 Test methods for the permeability of Granular Soils ASTM 0-3080 Method for the direct shear test of soils under consolidated drained condition ASTM E-11 Specification for wire cloth sieve for testing purpose AASHTO OM 57-80 Materials for embankments and sub-grade AASHTO OM 147-67 Materials for aggregate and soil (1980) base and surface courses AASHTO OM 282-80 Joints sealants, not poured, elastomeric type, (ASTM: D 3406) for Portland cement cure rate of pavements