Soft-ground tunneling methods are commonly used for urban services (subways, sewers, and other utilities). The tunnel structure in soft ground is generally designed to support the entire load of the ground above it, partly because the ground arch in soil ...
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Grillage Foundation: Types, Construction, and Advantages
Grillage foundation consists of one or more tiers of beams (steel or timber) superimposed at right angles to each other on a concrete layer to disperse load over an extensive area. This type of foundation is generally used for heavy ...
Mound Breakwater: Types, Construction and Protection
Breakwater is the artificial protective barrier constructed to enclose harbors and to keep the harbor waters undisturbed by the effect of heavy and strong sea waves. Breakwater enables the use of the enclosed area as a safe anchorage for ships ...
Glass Railings: Design Considerations, Types, and Advantages
A glass of appropriate thickness, when used as a railing, can provide transparency and, when engineered properly, can provide structural performance too and is generally sought in commercial applications (such as in malls) and certain domestic villas. The basic requirement ...
Laminar Flow and Turbulent Flow
A fluid flowing through a closed channel such as pipe or between two flat plates is either laminar flow or turbulent flow, depending on the velocity, pipe size (or on the Reynolds number), and fluid viscosity. Contents:Laminar FlowTurbulent FlowDifference between ...
Concrete Staining: Types, Procedure, and Advantages
Concrete staining is a quick and inexpensive technique used to enhance the aesthetic appearance of the concrete surface. It is a type of flooring that involves pouring a water-based solution onto a washed concrete surface, which later becomes a permanent ...
Trash Racks: Types, Installation, and Maintenance
Trash racks are metal structures installed in the intake system of hydroelectric power plants to prevent the entrance of large debris, which can damage turbine parts and hinder the power plant operations. In this article, we discuss the types, selection, ...
Castellated Beams: History, Properties, and Advantages
A castellated beam is a type of beam in which an I-beam is sliced longitudinally along its web in a specified pattern. The objective is to use the cutting pattern to separate and reunite the beam with a deeper web. These ...