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What are the properties of good building stones?

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    This answer was edited.

    APPEARANCE The stone to be used for facework must have uniform and pleasing color. It must be free from cavities, crack, flaws and patches of loose and soft materials. STRENGTH A good bldg stone should have sufficient crushing strength to withstand the load of superstructure. It should ≮ 1000 kg/cm²Read more

    APPEARANCE

    • The stone to be used for facework must have uniform and pleasing color.
    • It must be free from cavities, crack, flaws and patches of loose and soft materials.

    STRENGTH

    • A good bldg stone should have sufficient crushing strength to withstand the load of superstructure.
    • It should ≮ 1000 kg/cm².

    HARDNESS, TOUGHNESS AND RESISTANCE TO ABRASION

    • The stone to be used in stone pavements, as railway ballast or road metal must be sufficiently hard, tough, resistance to abrasion.
    • It must be able to resist wear and tear.

    DURABILITY

    • A good bldg stone must be durable enough to resist the effect of weathering against eg., rain, wing, temp, etc.
    • It should have fine grained, compact, and crystalline structure.

    TEXTURE

    A good bldg stone should have a closed grained and compact texture.

    WORKABILITY

    The stone to be used for ornamental craving and architectural appearance should be easily and economically dressed.

    SEASONING

    The stone to be used for an imp interior work should be well seasoned. Presence of moisture makes the stone soft and it is liable to an early decay when used in structural work.

    POROSITY

    • A good bldg stone should be less porous.
    • It should not absorb more than 5% of water.
    • Any stone absorbing 10% of water should be rejected.

    RESISTANCE TO FIRE

    • A good bldg stone should be able to resist high temp.
    • Its minerals constitutes should have equal coeff for expansion.

    SPECIFIC GRAVITY

    • The stone to be used on heavy engg works, docks, harbours, gravity dams, etc must have high specific gravity.
    • Its varies from 2.4 – 2.8.

    RESISTANCE TO ELECTRICITY

    • A good bldg stone should be non-absorbent like marble and slate etc.
    • It can offer good resistance to electricity.
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What are refractory bricks and mention it’s types?

  1. nikeetasharma

    nikeetasharma

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    A fire brick, firebrick, or refractory is a block of ceramic material used in lining furnaces, kilns, fireboxes, and fireplaces. A refractory brick is built primarily to withstand high temperature, but will also usually have a low thermal conductivity for greater energy efficiency. There are mainlyRead more

    A fire brick, firebrick, or refractory is a block of ceramic material used in lining furnaces, kilns, fireboxes, and fireplaces. A refractory brick is built primarily to withstand high temperature, but will also usually have a low thermal conductivity for greater energy efficiency.

    There are mainly three varieties of refractory bricks;

    a) Acid Refractories
    i. Ordinary Fire Bricks
    ii. Silica Bricks
    iii. Ganister Bricks

    b) Basic Refractories
    i. Magnesite Bricks
    ii. Dolomite Bricks
    iii. Bauxite Bricks

    c) Neutral Refractories
    i. Chromite Bricks
    ii. Carborundum
    iii. Chrome Magnesite Bricks
    iv. Spinal Bricks
    v. Forsterite Bricks

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What are the advantages and disadvantages of Robo sand?

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Robo sand?

    Nowadays, We should start to use M-sand as one of the alternative building construction material so that impacts on the environment will get reduced to some extent. Here, I will be discussing some advantages and disadvantages of manufactured sand. Advantages of manufactured sand : Manufactured sandRead more

    Nowadays,

    We should start to use M-sand as one of the alternative building construction material so that impacts on the environment will get reduced to some extent.

    Here, I will be discussing some advantages and disadvantages of manufactured sand.

    Advantages of manufactured sand :

    • Manufactured sand has a higher fineness modulus index as compared to natural sand
    • It has better abrasion resistance because manufactured sand is free from silt and clay.
    • Lower Permeability
    • Higher unit weights
    • It has very less destructive to our environment because it highly reduces sand mining from the river bed.
    • It has good workability of concrete
    • Higher-strength
    • Greater durability.

    Disadvantages of manufactured sand:

    • Higher cost
    • More requirement of water-cement due to its smooth and angular texture to achieve appropriate workability.
    • Presence of more amount of micro-fine particles that adversely affect on strength and workability of concrete.

     

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How to conduct a soundness tests on cement?

  1. Nimesh Gajera

    Nimesh Gajera

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    The cement considers unsound if it undergoes a large change in volume (expansion) that causes cracking of hardened cement paste when it is under the condition of restraint. Apparatus Required: Le-Chateliers Apparatus, Water bath, Vernier Caliper, Weighing Scale. Procedure : 1. Place the lightly oileRead more

    The cement considers unsound if it undergoes a large change in volume (expansion) that causes cracking of hardened cement paste when it is under the condition of restraint.

    Apparatus Required: Le-Chateliers Apparatus, Water bath, Vernier Caliper, Weighing Scale.

    Procedure :

    1. Place the lightly oiled mold on a lightly oiled glass sheet and fill it with cement paste formed by gauging cement with 0.78 times the water required to give a paste of standard consistency.

    2. Cover the mold with another piece of lightly oiled glass sheet, place a small weight on this covering glass sheet and immediately submerge the whole assembly in water at a temperature of 27 ± 2°C and keep there for 24 hours.

    3. Measure the distance separating the indicator points to the nearest 0.5 mm. Submerge the mold again in water at the temperature prescribed above.

    4. Bring the water to boiling, with the mold kept submerged, in 25 to 30 minutes, and keep it boiling for three hours. Remove the mold from the water, allow it to cool, and measure the distance between the indicator points.

    5. The difference between these two measurements indicates the expansion of the cement. This must not exceed 10 mm for ordinary, rapid hardening, and low heat Portland cements. If in case the expansion is more than 10 mm as tested above, the cement is said to be unsound.

    Observation And Recording:

    Soundness/expansion of cement = L1-L2
    L1=Measurement taken after 24 hours of immersion in water at a temp. of 27 ± 20C
    L2=Measurement taken after 3 hours of immersion in water at boiling temperature.
    Calculate the mean of two values to the nearest 0.5 mm.

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What are the main objects of the seasoning of timber?

  1. nikeetasharma

    nikeetasharma

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    The objectives of seasoning of timber are as follows :- - Improve strength, hardness and stiffness of timber. - Make it suitable for receiving various treatments like paints, preservatives, varnishes, etc. - Allows the wood to burn quickly if it is used as fuel. - Reduce the tendency of timber to crRead more

    The objectives of seasoning of timber are as follows :-
    – Improve strength, hardness and stiffness of timber.
    – Make it suitable for receiving various treatments like paints, preservatives, varnishes, etc.
    – Allows the wood to burn quickly if it is used as fuel.
    – Reduce the tendency of timber to crack, wrap, shrink and bend.

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Difference between geodetic surveying and plane surveying?

  1. Ancy Joby

    Ancy Joby

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    As we all know, Geodetic surveying and Plane surveying comes under the primary classification of surveying. Geodetic surveying In geodetic surveying, the curvature of the earth is taken into account while taking surveying. In this surveying conducted a larger area. Geodetic surveying is mainly conduRead more

    As we all know, Geodetic surveying and Plane surveying comes under the primary classification of surveying.

    Geodetic surveying

    In geodetic surveying, the curvature of the earth is taken into account while taking surveying. In this surveying conducted a larger area. Geodetic surveying is mainly conducted to determine the precise positions on the earth surface. It is also called as Trigonometrical surveying.

    Plane Surveying

    In-plane surveying, the curvature of the earth is ignored because surveying is conducted in small areas. The degree of accuracy is low as compared to Geodetic surveying.

     

     

     

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What are the main principles of surveying ?

  1. Ancy Joby

    Ancy Joby

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    There are two main principle for surveying Work from whole to part - This principle is adopted in surveying to avoid accumulation of errors . Two fix the position of new station at least two independent processes    

    There are two main principle for surveying

    1. Work from whole to part – This principle is adopted in surveying to avoid accumulation of errors .
    2. Two fix the position of new station at least two independent processes

     

     

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What are the different types of compactors?

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    Types of compactors Smooth wheeled rollers: Generally and imp used for compaction of any type of roads compaction. Sheepsfoot Rollers: Also called as tamping roller, consists of rectangle boots on the roller drum in hexagon pattern. Pneumatic Roller: Also called rubber tyre roller. Vibratory roller:Read more

    Types of compactors

    1. Smooth wheeled rollers: Generally and imp used for compaction of any type of roads compaction.
    2. Sheepsfoot Rollers: Also called as tamping roller, consists of rectangle boots on the roller drum in hexagon pattern.
    3. Pneumatic Roller: Also called rubber tyre roller.
    4. Vibratory roller: Rollers with vibration, for better compaction.
    5. Rammers: For small places with impact load, hand or machine operated coz of light wt.
    6. Vibratory Plate Compactor: For very small & conjusted place
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