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  1. Asked: In:

    Which instrument is widely used for surveying?

    Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    Komal Bhandakkar AUTHOR

    Instrument used for survey are listed below: 1) Instruments for chaining: A)Chain: i) Metric Chain ii) Gunter's Chain iii) Engineers Chain iv) Revenue Chain V) Steel Band or Band Chain   B) Tapes: I) Cloth or linen tape ii) Metallic Tape iii) Steel Tape iv) Invar Tape   C)Arrows D) Pegs E)Read more

    Instrument used for survey are listed below:

    1) Instruments for chaining:

    A)Chain:

    i) Metric Chain

    ii) Gunter’s Chain

    iii) Engineers Chain

    iv) Revenue Chain

    V) Steel Band or Band Chain

     

    B) Tapes:

    I) Cloth or linen tape

    ii) Metallic Tape

    iii) Steel Tape

    iv) Invar Tape

     

    C)Arrows

    D) Pegs

    E) Ranging Rods

    F) Offset Rods

    G) Plumb Bobs

     

    2) Instrument for measuring horizontal & vertical angles:

    I) Theodolite:

    a) Transit Theodolite

    b) Non-Transit Theodolite

     

    3) Levelling Instrument: Dumpy Level

     

     

     

     

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  2. Asked: In:

    How is resection done in survey?

    Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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      Resection is nothing but free stationing. It is a method of finding a location of unknown point about known points. The total station is simply mean a zero point. Freely positioned the instrument hence every survey points should be at appropriate sight from the instrument. Then setting up a zRead more

     

    Resection is nothing but free stationing.

    It is a method of finding a location of unknown point about known points.

    The total station is simply mean a zero point.

    Freely positioned the instrument hence every survey points should be at appropriate sight from the instrument.

    Then setting up a zero point on a known point and often it is impossible to see all survey points.

    With the zero points, the distances & bearings are measured to minimum two points of a control network.

    With the help of a geometric transformation, those polar coordinates are transformed into a coordinate system of a control network.

    Using square adjustment, errors are distributed.

    The orientation as well as the position of the total station about where the control network is established.

    Thank You.

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  3. Asked: In:

    What are the major Factor Affecting Concrete life?

    Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    Komal Bhandakkar AUTHOR

    Here I am discussing about High humidity & rain. Actually, the compressive strength of concrete reduces with the high relative humidity which results in durability problem. Due to higher moisture in the surface of concrete results a growth of mold and bacteria.

    Here I am discussing about

    High humidity & rain.

    Actually, the compressive strength of concrete reduces with the high relative humidity which results in durability problem.

    Due to higher moisture in the surface of concrete results a growth of mold and bacteria.

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  4. Asked: In:

    What is Universal Foundation?

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    This answer was edited.

    Universal Foundation: It is an offshore foundation & it is nothing but a pile foundation. Pile foundation is used to transfer the loads from superstructures through weak, compressible strata or water onto stronger, more compact, less compressible, and stiffer soil or rock at depth, increasing thRead more

    Universal Foundation:

    It is an offshore foundation & it is nothing but a pile foundation.

    Pile foundation is used to transfer the loads from superstructures through weak, compressible strata or water onto stronger, more compact, less compressible, and stiffer soil or rock at depth, increasing the effective size of a foundation and resisting horizontal loads.

    Thank You.

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  5. Asked: In:

    What is diffrent between strap footing and wall footing?

    Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    This answer was edited.

    Strap footing: It is necessitated when a certain column footing has to be restricted in width becuase of unavoidable interference or boundary limitation.Strap footingis a type of combined footing & it is also named as cantilever footing. Strip footing or wall footing: It is the component of a shRead more

    Strap footing:

    It is necessitated when a certain column footing has to be restricted in width becuase of unavoidable interference or boundary limitation.

    Strap footingis a type of combined footing & it is also named as cantilever footing.

    Strip footing or wall footing:

    It is the component of a shallow foundation, a continuous strip of concrete that works to spread the weight of a load-bearing wall across a soil area.

    Thank You.

         

     

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  6. Asked: In:

    Which type of foundation are used for G+5 building?

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    This answer was edited.

    Pile foundation and raft foundation is used for a high rise structure. Pile foundations are more capable of taking higher loads than spread footings.   When allowable bearing pressure is low, the heavy structure is present & the site is with a highly compressible layer; then raft foundationRead more

    Pile foundation and raft foundation is used for a high rise structure.

    Pile foundations are more capable of taking higher loads than spread footings.

     

    When allowable bearing pressure is low, the heavy structure is present & the site is with a highly compressible layer; then raft foundation is applicable.

    Thank You.

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  7. Asked: In:

    What is Pedestal in Column?

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    This answer was edited.

    Pedestal in the column: In Classical architecture, the Pedestal isa support or base for a column commonly used in a statue, vase, or obelisk.  The shape of pedestal : Square Octagonal Circular The name is assigned to the vertical members that separate the sections of a balustrade. A single pedestalRead more

    Pedestal in the column:

    In Classical architecture, the Pedestal isa support or base for a column commonly used in a statue, vase, or obelisk. 

    The shape of pedestal :

    • Square
    • Octagonal
    • Circular

    The name is assigned to the vertical members that separate the sections of a balustrade.

    A single pedestal may additionally support a group of columns or colonnade.

    Thank You.

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  8. Asked: In:

    What is punching shear failure of foundation?

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    This answer was edited.

        The kind of reinforced concrete slab is a punching shear that is governed by high localized force. In the case of flat structures, this happens at column support points. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/punching-shear-slabs-foundations/17716/ A simplistic phenomenon where a concentrateRead more

        The kind of reinforced concrete slab is a punching shear that is governed by high localized force. In the case of flat structures, this happens at column support points.

    https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/punching-shear-slabs-foundations/17716/

    A simplistic phenomenon where a concentrated force on a slab causes a shear failure cone and that “punches” is called a Punching Shear.      For determining maximum punching shear stress, the applied shears and moments, along with the shape of the punching shear failure cone, are utilized.

    Thank You.  

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