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Asked: January 29, 2020In: Foundation

How to set out foundation on steep slope?

Anonymous
Anonymous

The floor plan designed by architect for flat area but my site has steep slope what should I do and structural drawings doesn’t shows details clear!

  1. nikeetasharma

    nikeetasharma

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    Added an answer on November 25, 2020 at 2:29 pm

    There are two ways to set out foundation on a steep slope :- 1. Cut and fill refers to the process of leveling out the ground for the foundation by adding soil, removing it, or both. Soil may be brought in to fill the plot and make it level, or it can be dug (cut) from the slope and either trucked oRead more

    There are two ways to set out foundation on a steep slope :-

    1. Cut and fill refers to the process of leveling out the ground for the foundation by adding soil, removing it, or both. Soil may be brought in to fill the plot and make it level, or it can be dug (cut) from the slope and either trucked out or used to shore up retaining walls for the home. Depending on the grade, soil conditions, and other factors, cutting and filling can make construction multiple time more expensive than that for a home on a flat site.

    2. Using stilts is an alternative to cutting into the slope that involves using a crane to lift the home onto supporting wood or steel columns. This can be a much more cost-effective method than cut and fill and can also open up the realm of possibilities for home replacement such as building out water over trees or water.

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Asked: July 24, 2020In: Construction

What is the difference between Tender and Quotation?

vivek gami
vivek gami

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What is the difference between Tender and Quotation?

  1. nikeetasharma

    nikeetasharma

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    Added an answer on November 29, 2020 at 4:03 pm

    Quotations are requested where the value of goods and/or services is less than $150,000. Tenders, as a rule are called for contracts in excess of $150,000. Every business has to give its customers prices for its products or services.

    Quotations are requested where the value of goods and/or services is less than $150,000. Tenders, as a rule are called for contracts in excess of $150,000. Every business has to give its customers prices for its products or services.

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Asked: July 27, 2020In: Construction Site Related

What is Bursting Reinforcement?

DevilAVRT
DevilAVRT

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What is Bursting Reinforcement?

  1. nikeetasharma

    nikeetasharma

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    Added an answer on December 17, 2020 at 3:50 pm

    There are three types of bursting reinforcement :- 1. Spalling reinforcement 2. Equilibrium reinforcement 3. Bursting reinforcement

    There are three types of bursting reinforcement :-
    1. Spalling reinforcement
    2. Equilibrium reinforcement
    3. Bursting reinforcement

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Asked: August 17, 2020In: Foundation

Why is the main reinforcement provided on the longer side of raft footing?

Vivek Srinivasan
Vivek Srinivasan

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Why is the main reinforcement provided on the longer side of raft footing?

  1. nikeetasharma

    nikeetasharma

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    Added an answer on November 25, 2020 at 10:47 am

    The longest span is in more critical section due to which main reinforcement is provided on the longer span. The longest span has to bear a higher bending moment. This is because the uplift pressure from the soil below will be equal in all locations, but the moment developed at the longer span willRead more

    The longest span is in more critical section due to which main reinforcement is provided on the longer span. The longest span has to bear a higher bending moment. This is because the uplift pressure from the soil below will be equal in all locations, but the moment developed at the longer span will be higher because of a long arm. Its a uniformly distributed load and so it produces a larger moment on a longer beam. Thus, the main reinforcement is provided in longer span.

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Asked: November 30, 2017In: Construction

What are the types of slabs and how to design them?

Gopal Mishra
Gopal Mishra

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Can you tell me types of slabs? And how can we design them?

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    Added an answer on August 17, 2020 at 8:40 am

    Flat slab - Flat slab is minimum 8″ or 0.2m. Slab without drop and column without column head(capital). Slab with drop and column without column head. Slab without drop and column with column head. Slab with drop and column with column head. Conventional slab - conventional slab is 4″ or 10cm. 5″ toRead more

    Flat slab – Flat slab is minimum 8″ or 0.2m.

    1. Slab without drop and column without column head(capital).
    2. Slab with drop and column without column head.
    3. Slab without drop and column with column head.
    4. Slab with drop and column with column head.


    Conventional slab – conventional slab is 4″ or 10cm. 5″ to 6″ inches

    1. One-Way Slab
    2. Two-Way Slab

    Hollow core ribbed slab

    hollow core ribbed slab

    Hardy slab

    1. One way Hardy Slab
    2. Two way Hardy slab

    Waffle slab

    1. Triangular pod system
    2. Square pod system

    Dome slab

    dome slab

    Pitch roof slab

    Pitch roof slab

    Slab with arches

    arch slab

    Post tension slab

    post tension slab

    Pre tension Slab

    Low roof slab

    Projected slab

    projected slab

    Grads Slab/ Slab on grade

    slab with sand and concreteconcrete slab

    Sunken Slab

    sunken slab below ground level

     

    a) Effective span of slab:

    Effective span of slab shall be lesser of the two

    1. L = clear span + d (effective depth )

    2. L = Center to center distance between the support

    b) Depth of slab:

    The depth of slab depends on bending moment and deflection criterion. the trail depth can be obtained using:

    • Effective depth d= Span /((L/d)Basic x modification factor)
    • For obtaining modification factor, the percentage of steel for slab can be assumed from 0.2 to 0.5%.
    • The effective depth d of two way slabs can also be assumed using cl.24.1,IS 456 provided short span is 3.5m and loading class is <3.5KN/m2

    Type of support

    Simply supported

    Fe-250 – L/35

    Fe-415 – L/28

    Continuous support

    Fe-250 – L/40

    Fe-415 – L/32

    Or, the following thumb rules can be used:

    • One way slab d=(L/22) to (L/28).
    • Two way simply supported slab d=(L/20) to (L/30)
    • Two way restrained slab d=(L/30) to (L/32)

    c) Load on slab:

    The load on slab comprises of Dead load, floor finish and live load. The loads are calculated per unit area (load/m2).

    Dead load = D x 25 kN/m2 ( Where D is thickness of slab in m)

    Floor finish (Assumed as)= 1 to 2 kN/m2

    Live load (Assumed as) = 3 to 5 kN/m2 (depending on the occupancy of the building)

    Detailing Requirements of RCC Slab as per IS456: 2000

    a) Nominal Cover:

    For Mild exposure – 20 mm

    For Moderate exposure – 30 mm

    However, if the diameter of bar do not exceed 12 mm, or cover may be reduced by 5 mm. Thus for main reinforcement up to 12 mm diameter bar and for mild exposure, the nominal cover is 15 mm.

    b) Minimum reinforcement: The reinforcement in either direction in slab shall not be less than

    • 0.15% of the total cross sectional area for Fe-250 steel
    • 0.12% of the total cross-sectional area for Fe-415 & Fe-500 steel.

    c) Spacing of bars: The maximum spacing of bars shall not exceed

    • Main Steel – 3d or 300 mm whichever is smaller
    • Distribution steel –5d or 450 mm whichever is smaller Where, ‘d’ is the effective depth of slab. Note: The minimum clear spacing of bars is not kept less than 75 mm (Preferably 100 mm) though code do not recommend any value.

    d) Maximum diameter of bar: The maximum diameter of bar in slab, shall not exceed D/8, where D is the total thickness of slab.

     

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Asked: July 3, 2020In: Interview Questions

Why gravity dam is called gravity dam ?

Jigar Chaudhari
Jigar Chaudhari

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Why gravity dam is called a gravity dam? Is there any reason behind the name?  

  1. Kuldeep Singh

    Kuldeep Singh

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    Added an answer on July 4, 2020 at 5:06 pm

    Gravity dam, as the name suggests, is a dam that resists the water upstream by the use of its weight itself, unlike earthen dams and embankment dams that employ the shear strength of the soil. The dam is designed so that the resultant of the water pressure, earth pressure, and all other forces are aRead more

    Gravity dam, as the name suggests, is a dam that resists the water upstream by the use of its weight itself, unlike earthen dams and embankment dams that employ the shear strength of the soil.

    The dam is designed so that the resultant of the water pressure, earth pressure, and all other forces are aligned and balanced by the weight of the dam itself.

    They are generally made of Roller compacted concrete.

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Asked: September 22, 2020In: Construction

Why the colour of a civil engineer’s cap is only white?

Komal Bhandakkar
Komal Bhandakkar

Komal Bhandakkar

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Why the colour of a civil engineer’s cap is only white? What is the purpose of it?

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    aviratdhodare
    Added an answer on September 28, 2020 at 2:03 pm

    It turns out that colors like yellow and red are common indicative colours that appear in nature, and humans, along with many predators have evolved to easily spot such colorations. However yellow is a bright and noticeable colour that doesn't usually appear elsewhere in our modern world, so is easiRead more

    It turns out that colors like yellow and red are common indicative colours that appear in nature, and humans, along with many predators have evolved to easily spot such colorations.

    However yellow is a bright and noticeable colour that doesn’t usually appear elsewhere in our modern world, so is easily noticed.

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Asked: September 25, 2020In: Structural Engineering

How do you calculate twisting moment?

nikeetasharma
nikeetasharma

nikeetasharma

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how to calculate twisting moment?

  1. nikeetasharma

    nikeetasharma

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    Added an answer on October 15, 2020 at 10:10 am

    Torsion is the twisting of a beam under the action of a torque (twisting moment). It is systematically applied to screws, nuts, axles, drive shafts etc, and is also generated more randomly under service conditions in car bodies, boat hulls, aircraft fuselages, bridges, springs and many other structuRead more

    Torsion is the twisting of a beam under the action of a torque (twisting moment). It is systematically applied to screws, nuts, axles, drive shafts etc, and is also generated more randomly under service conditions in car bodies, boat hulls, aircraft fuselages, bridges, springs and many other structures and components. A torque, T , has the same units (N m) as a bending moment, M . Both are the product of a force and a distance. In the case of a torque, the force is tangential and the distance is the radial distance between this tangent and the axis of rotation.

    All torsion problems can be solved using the following formula:

    T/J = shear stress/ r = (G * angle)/ L

    where:

    T = torque or twisting moment, [N×m, lb×in]
    J = polar moment of inertia or polar second moment of area about shaft axis, [m4, in4]
    τ = shear stress at outer fibre, [Pa, psi]
    r = radius of the shaft, [m, in]
    G = modulus of rigidity (PanGlobal and Reed’s) or shear modulus (everybody else), [Pa, psi]
    θ = angle of twist, [rad]
    L = length of the shaft, [m, in]

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