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What is the Time period of a building and its relation with frequency?
Kuldeep Singh
Simply put, the time period of a building is it's natural period of oscillation when subjected to ground shaking in the event of an earthquake. The building is modelled to be under harmonic oscillation and the time period is calculated in a similar way as in harmonic oscillation T = 2π√(k/m) where kRead more
Simply put, the time period of a building is it’s natural period of oscillation when subjected to ground shaking in the event of an earthquake.
The building is modelled to be under harmonic oscillation and the time period is calculated in a similar way as in harmonic oscillation
T = 2π√(k/m)
where k is the total stiffness and m is the total mass.
k is calculated as the sum of the lateral stiffness of all stiffness providing and moment resisting vertical members (colomns, moment resisting frames, sheer walls, etc.) m is calculated as the sum of masses of all members on the storey.
[ Note :Â The above method is only applicable for single storey buildings and for multiple storey buildings, these are vector quantities depending on the mode of vibration. A detailed vector analysis (modal analysis) is done to calculated time periods for each vibration mode, which requires detailed explanation.]
Thankfully, IS 1893 part I lists empirical formulae for approximate estimation of time period of multi storey buildings given in section 7.6 on page 24.
The frequency is nothing but the number of vibrations in a second and is the inverse of the time period
f = 1/T
See lessWhat is the difference between a Mansion and a Duplex?
Kuldeep Singh
A mansion is a huge house generally including lavish facilities like swimming pools, yards, orchards, garages, terraces, walkways, halls, rooms, separate lavatories, servant quarters, etc. They're mostly located on the outskirts away from the hustle-bustle and close to nature. A duplex on the otherRead more
A mansion is a huge house generally including lavish facilities like swimming pools, yards, orchards, garages, terraces, walkways, halls, rooms, separate lavatories, servant quarters, etc. They’re mostly located on the outskirts away from the hustle-bustle and close to nature.
A duplex on the other hand doesn’t really have a restraint on size but it’s a house made up of two visually separate sections having a common wall. Sometimes, an apartment with portions on two floors joined by a staircase is also called a duplex.
See lessWhat is Submerged Density and Degree of Shrinkage?
Kuldeep Singh
Submerged density or bouyant density is the density of a mass of soil as observed under water in a saturated condition of course. Suppose you are calculating the density when the soil mass and you yourself are submerged. It is calculated as the difference of the soil density in air and the density oRead more
Submerged density or bouyant density is the density of a mass of soil as observed under water in a saturated condition of course. Suppose you are calculating the density when the soil mass and you yourself are submerged. It is calculated as the difference of the soil density in air and the density of water, divided by the density of water.
SD = (density of soil – density of water) / density of water
or
SD = density of soil in air – 1
It is also defined as the mass of soil minus the mass of water displaced by it upon submergence, divided by the volume.
This concept is particularly useful in determining the bouyancy of submerged soils and is crucial in equations of sediment transport in rivers. If the bouyant density equals 1, the soil just floats. If it gets negative, soil will rise in water.
Degree of shrinkage is another concept. It is the amount of water content reduction needed to bring the soil to its shrinkage limit, expressed as percent of the original water content.
See lessWhat is Braced Excavation?
Kuldeep Singh
Braced excavation is a method where deep excavations with straight vertical faces are laterally supported by a sheeting and bracing system until the structure is built. In deep excavations creating a safe slope on the excavation face just for safety is generally not feasible due to high cost, inabunRead more
Braced excavation is a method where deep excavations with straight vertical faces are laterally supported by a sheeting and bracing system until the structure is built.
In deep excavations creating a safe slope on the excavation face just for safety is generally not feasible due to high cost, inabundance of space and other structures present nearby. So, the excavation is temperorly supported by sheets/walls and struts, which are removed individually when their requirements cease. Relatively flexible sheets/walls are placed against excavation walls and supported by horizontal struts which in turn resist the earth pressure in compression.
Some methods are vertical timber sheeting, shoring, steel sheet piling, soldier beams and also tiebacks.
These structures might not be removed later but they may or may structurallynot be structurally important apart from offering temperorly lateral support. For example, tie backs support excavations and also replace permanent retaining walls.
See lessWhy are steel plates inserted inside the bearings in Elastomeric Bearings?
Kuldeep Singh
Steel plates are not inserted in elastomeric bearings, but they are embedded inside the rubber at the time of manufacture itself so as to assure that the plates are completely embedded having protection against corrosion, which could be a problem if they were inserted later. They are generally vulcaRead more
Steel plates are not inserted in elastomeric bearings, but they are embedded inside the rubber at the time of manufacture itself so as to assure that the plates are completely embedded having protection against corrosion, which could be a problem if they were inserted later. They are generally vulcanized or molded into the bearings like a multilayer sandwich, although the manufacturer may also connect the plates to the rubber via additional steel connectors.
The primary purpose of steel plates is to act as a reinforcement for the bearings against 1) vertical compression, 2) vertical compression with horizontal shearing, 3) vertical compression with horizontal rotation. They provide for higher resistances in the bearings by allowing limited horizontal deformations without failure at higher loads than the rubber itself.
Sometimes, steel plates are also used externally to provide resistance against high horizontal loads, but these plates aren’t completely or sometimes even partially embedded.
See less