Kuldeep Singh - Answers
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Which equipment used to measure sound passing through the concrete?
Kuldeep Singh
Concrete is primarily a sound insulator rather than a conductor. So, there's hardly any sound passing through it. Sound passing through concrete is tested indirectly by testing the sound absorption in concrete and the sound reflection. Reflection can be tested easily with microphones and amplifiers.Read more
Concrete is primarily a sound insulator rather than a conductor. So, there’s hardly any sound passing through it. Sound passing through concrete is tested indirectly by testing the sound absorption in concrete and the sound reflection. Reflection can be tested easily with microphones and amplifiers.
For testing the sound absorption, there’s an instrument called Kundt tube. The collective system gives us the sound absorption coefficient from which we can calculate absorbed sound intensity.
Incident sound intensity – (reflected + absorbed) = sound passing through.
See lesshow to find soil upward pressure,if SBC 250KN
Kuldeep Singh
For upward pressure calculation, you need the depth of the foundation. You see, upward soil pressure goes in increasing with increasing depth of the foundation because it takes into account the overburden soil. The method is already given in your attachment. Upward pressure = ρD + W Where: ρ: soil dRead more
For upward pressure calculation, you need the depth of the foundation. You see, upward soil pressure goes in increasing with increasing depth of the foundation because it takes into account the overburden soil. The method is already given in your attachment.
Upward pressure = ρD + W
Where: ρ: soil density, D: depth until the top face of the foundation, W: the weight of the foundation
It doesn’t require the knowledge of Safe bearing capacity. The upward pressure can be lesser than the SBC depending on the situation. If it is more than the foundation is unsafe.
See lessWhat is mean by sheroid triangle in the survey?
Kuldeep Singh
There's no such thing as sheroid triangle. I think you wanted to type spheroid triangle. Spheroid triangle is nothing but a triangle on a sphere (the Earth). In surveying, when three points on the Earth are taken which are at least about a few kilometers apart, the lines joining them will be curvesRead more
There’s no such thing as sheroid triangle. I think you wanted to type spheroid triangle.
Spheroid triangle is nothing but a triangle on a sphere (the Earth). In surveying, when three points on the Earth are taken which are at least about a few kilometers apart, the lines joining them will be curves but not straight lines because of the Earth’s curvature. The three curved figure made by these curves with each of our points as vertices is a spheroid triangle.
We denote this kind of a because triangle separately in this way because we cannot apply normal trigonometry to this triangle since the sum of the angles is greater than 180º. If we do that, we’ll end up with wrong calculations. So, adjustments first need to be done. They are already taken care of in GPS positioning.
See lessDifference between OPC 53 &OPC 43 grade of cement according to the initial and final setting time of cement.
Kuldeep Singh
OPC 43 means that the cement is expected to reach a compressive strength of 43 MPa in a cube cast by 28 days. Similarly, OPC 53 reaches 53 MPa by 28 days. There is a contrasting difference in the setting times of these cements. OPC 53 sets quicker than OPC 43 and has a quite low initial setting timeRead more
OPC 43 means that the cement is expected to reach a compressive strength of 43 MPa in a cube cast by 28 days. Similarly, OPC 53 reaches 53 MPa by 28 days.
There is a contrasting difference in the setting times of these cements. OPC 53 sets quicker than OPC 43 and has a quite low initial setting time. It is used in structures where rapid strength gain is required like large load bearing structures like bridges, huge buildings, etc. OPC 43 on the other hand doesn’t set so quickly and has a normal initial and final setting time. It is hence used where rapid hardening is not necessary like flooring, plastering, etc.
See lessWhy only cylinders shape were used to test Split Tensile Strength of Concrete?
Kuldeep Singh
This is a very basic thing to understand. Tensile test is done on cylinders because only cylinders can be held under pure tension by applying a compressive load. You'll see that a cylinder always breaks down the diametric plane and not from a horizontal plane or inclined plane. That will only happenRead more
This is a very basic thing to understand. Tensile test is done on cylinders because only cylinders can be held under pure tension by applying a compressive load. You’ll see that a cylinder always breaks down the diametric plane and not from a horizontal plane or inclined plane. That will only happen if it was under pure tension.
If we take any other prismatic shape such as square cross section cylinder, the failure will be via compression and not tension. If we take other shapes, there may be an uneven distribution of stresses which will give a wrong impression of tensile strength.
See lessWhy the colour of a civil engineer’s cap is only white?
Kuldeep Singh
It's not true. You're wrong. The colour of the civil engineer's helmet on site is white and not yellow. That is the convention. The purpose is to differentiate the engineer from other professionals on site. Every other kind of professional has a different colour helmet on site. The yellow one is foRead more
It’s not true. You’re wrong.
The colour of the civil engineer’s helmet on site is white and not yellow. That is the convention.
The purpose is to differentiate the engineer from other professionals on site. Every other kind of professional has a different colour helmet on site. The yellow one is for labourers skilled and unskilled both. Giving yellow helmet to engineers is disrespect in a sense.
An engineer must always demand or arrange for a white helmet for himself on site.
See lessWhat is the substitute material of ballast at railway track?
Kuldeep Singh
Ballast can be substituted by any material which prevents settlement of the crossties, is prone to environmental conditions and is cheap to procure and transport. A few substitute materials could be Sand (river sand) : With a low cohesion and water retention, and good strength sand is very good asRead more
Ballast can be substituted by any material which prevents settlement of the crossties, is prone to environmental conditions and is cheap to procure and transport.
A few substitute materials could be
- Sand (river sand) : With a low cohesion and water retention, and good strength sand is very good as a ballast substitute. If it were cheaper, ballast might never be used.
- Robo sand : robo sand is nothing but mechanically manufactured sand by crushing rocks. It works the same way.
- Gravel : Gravel is Midway between sand and ballast stones in terms of size of particles.
- Rock : If nothing else, but rock is cheap, rock crushed into suitable size stones can be used.
See lessWhy cubes are tested at 3, 7 and 28 days for the Compressive Test?
Kuldeep Singh
First of all 28 days strength is the definition of compressive strength. So it's obvious to test concrete on 28 days for strength. Concrete reaches 99% of its full potential strength in 28 days and 28 is also a round figure (4 weeks). Hence, it is chosen for the definition. Now, 3, 7, and 14 day areRead more
First of all 28 days strength is the definition of compressive strength. So it’s obvious to test concrete on 28 days for strength. Concrete reaches 99% of its full potential strength in 28 days and 28 is also a round figure (4 weeks). Hence, it is chosen for the definition.
Now, 3, 7, and 14 day are both round figure in terms of percentage of strength development and also round figure in weeks.
The reason for testing concrete before 28 days on these days as well is that suppose the concrete strength falls fairly inadequate on let’s say 7 or 14 days. Then, the concrete may straight away be discarded or another mix design be made. Or else, better curing can be done. This will save time, money and effort. That’s why generally three tests are done during the 28 day cycle.
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