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Asked: September 25, 2020In: Miscellaneous

What are the advantages and disadvantages of remote sensing?

nikeetasharma
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what are the advantages and disadvantages of remote sensing?

  1. nikeetasharma

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    Added an answer on October 10, 2020 at 5:04 pm

    Advantages of remote sensing :- 1. Large area coverage: Remote sensing allows coverage of very large areas which enables regional surveys on a variety of themes and identification of extremely large features. 2. Remote sensing allows repetitive coverage which comes in handy when collecting data on dRead more

    Advantages of remote sensing :-

    1. Large area coverage: Remote sensing allows coverage of very large areas which enables regional surveys on a variety of themes and identification of extremely large features.
    2. Remote sensing allows repetitive coverage which comes in handy when collecting data on dynamic themes such as water, agricultural fields and so on.
    3. Remote sensing allows for easy collection of data over a variety of scales and resolutions.
    4. A single image captured through remote sensing can be analyzed and interpreted for use in various applications and purposes. There is no limitation on the extent of information that can be gathered from a single remotely sensed image.
    5. Remotely sensed data can easily be processed and analyzed fast using a computer and the data utilized for various purposes.
    6. Remote sensing is unobstructive especially if the sensor is passively recording the electromagnetic energy reflected from or emitted by the phenomena of interest. This means that passive remote sensing does not disturb the object or the area of interest.
    7. Data collected through remote sensing is analyzed at the laboratory which minimizes the work that needs to be done on the field.
    8. Remote sensing allows for map revision at a small to medium scale which makes it a bit cheaper and faster.
    9. Color composite can be obtained or produced from three separate band images which ensure the details of the area are far much more defined than when only a single band image or aerial photograph is being reproduced.
    10. It is easier to locate floods or forest fire that has spread over a large region which makes it easier to plan a rescue mission easily and fast.
    11. Remote sensing is a relatively cheap and constructive method reconstructing a base map in the absence of detailed land survey methods.

    Disadvantages of remote sensing :-

    1. Remote sensing is a fairly expensive method of analysis especially when measuring or analyzing smaller areas.
    2. Remote sensing requires a special kind of training to analyze the images. It is therefore expensive in the long run to use remote sensing technology since extra training must be accorded to the users of the technology.
    3. It is expensive to analyze repetitive photographs if there is need to analyze different aspects of the photography features.
    4. It is humans who select what sensor needs to be used to collect the data, specify the resolution of the data and calibration of the sensor, select the platform that will carry the sensor and determine when the data will be collected. Because of this, it is easier to introduce human error in this kind of analysis.
    5. Powerful active remote sensing systems such as radars that emit their own electromagnetic radiation can be intrusive and affect the phenomenon being investigated.
    6. The instruments used in remote sensing may sometimes be un-calibrated which may lead to un-calibrated remote sensing data.
    7. Sometimes different phenomena being analyzed may look the same during measurement which may lead to classification error.
    8. The image being analyzed may sometimes be interfered by other phenomena that are not being measured and this should also be accounted for during analysis.
    9. Remote sensing technology is sometimes oversold to the point where it feels like it is a panacea that will provide all the solution and information for conducting physical, biological or scientific research.
    10. The information provided by remote sensing data may not be complete and may be temporary.
    11. Sometimes large scale engineering maps cannot be prepared from satellite data which makes remote sensing data collection incomplete.

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Asked: August 18, 2020In: Miscellaneous

What is positive and negative reinforcement in reinforced concrete?

aviratdhodare
aviratdhodare

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What is positive and negative reinforcement in reinforced concrete?

  1. nikeetasharma

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    Added an answer on October 11, 2020 at 4:39 pm
    This answer was edited.

    Here, positive and negative reinforcement directly relates to positive and negative bending in the member. So wherever we anticipate postive bending or sagging in a member, we provide postive reinforcement and wherever we anticipate negative bending or hogging, we provide negative reinforcement. MosRead more

    Here, positive and negative reinforcement directly relates to positive and negative bending in the member. So wherever we anticipate postive bending or sagging in a member, we provide postive reinforcement and wherever we anticipate negative bending or hogging, we provide negative reinforcement. Most of the times these two may be the same bar.

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Asked: September 2, 2020In: Miscellaneous

Why water tanks are still designed by the working stress method?

aviratdhodare
aviratdhodare

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Why water tanks are still designed by the working stress method?

  1. nikeetasharma

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    Added an answer on October 15, 2020 at 10:00 am

    Here, because water tanks are more vulnerable structures and plus the tank is sometime overfilled and sometime empty, the pressure inside is so varying, It needs more safety precautions and as we all know working stress method assumes more safety factor than limit state design, which is an economicaRead more

    Here, because water tanks are more vulnerable structures and plus the tank is sometime overfilled and sometime empty, the pressure inside is so varying,

    It needs more safety precautions and as we all know working stress method assumes more safety factor than limit state design, which is an economical design, we prefer to use working stress method…

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Asked: September 26, 2020In: Miscellaneous

What safeguards do you use to avoid mistakes in drawing a plan?

nikeetasharma
nikeetasharma

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What safeguards do you use to avoid mistakes in drawing a plan?

  1. AdityaBhandakkar

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    Added an answer on October 15, 2020 at 9:41 pm

    Hi Nikeeta, Nice to read your answer to your question. I would like to add some significant mistakes that freshers civil engineers/architectures make while drawing plan The plan is not co-ordinated - In many construction companies, due to lack of coordination between architectural drawing with electRead more

    Hi Nikeeta,

    Nice to read your answer to your question.

    I would like to add some significant mistakes that freshers civil engineers/architectures make while drawing plan

    1. The plan is not co-ordinated – In many construction companies, due to lack of coordination between architectural drawing with electrical and electric drawing with mechanical for electric wires. Conduits, etc., which leads to a massive problem in the forward lane.
    2. Incomplete Plan: If an inexperienced engineer is going to draft complex building structures, many issues arise. Complete construction plans consist of multiple sheets, including architectural, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, civil engineering, structural engineering, and possibly other disciplines. The more complex the project, the more sheets of drawings there will be. When the plans are not complete, it increases the risk for the lender.
    3. Detail lacking: To reduce time, some architects/engineers will skip some of the drawings’ details. Rather than drawing the details of a roof edge dimensions or a window detail, they’ll add vague notes about what that portion of the construction will contain. That leads to significant problems for site engineers and results in error in structure. Once the contractor is on-site, and they have to attempt to interpret the puzzling notes into actual construction, they will generally have questions about exactly how that is to be done.
    4. The wrong set of PCR values:  The planning process produces various progress sets of drawings, from the original conceptual design drawings to progress collections of construction drawings. Ultimately, the “for construction” set that the contractor will use to build the building.
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Asked: September 26, 2020In: Miscellaneous

Which software will be more easy to make a 2D plan?

nikeetasharma
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Which software can be used to make a easy 2D plan?

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    Added an answer on September 29, 2020 at 5:06 pm
    Which software will be more easy to make a 2D plan?

    Various planning software is available in the market half key features 2D drawing and 3D modelling. ArchiCAD is an architectural CAD software developed by Graphisoft which allow us to do 3D as well as 2D drafting visualisation for building model and this is the best 2D software. Apart from that, theRead more

    Various planning software is available in the market half key features 2D drawing and 3D modelling.

    ArchiCAD is an architectural CAD software developed by Graphisoft which allow us to do 3D as well as 2D drafting visualisation for building model and this is the best 2D software.

    Apart from that, the following software we can also use:

    • Infornia
    • Floorplanner- we can create a 2D 3D floor plan
    • Plan floor creator

     

     

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Asked: July 29, 2020In: Miscellaneous

Explain the importance of construction industry for the economic development of the country?

aviratdhodare
aviratdhodare

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Explain the importance of construction industry for the economic development of the country?

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    Added an answer on October 9, 2020 at 9:19 pm
    This answer was edited.

    Importance of the construction industry in India: The construction industry of India is one of the crucial factors which indicates the development of our country. Construction industry of India creates investment opportunities across various related fields. The construction industry of India has conRead more

    Importance of the construction industry in India:

    The construction industry of India is one of the crucial factors which indicates the development of our country.


    Construction industry of India creates investment opportunities across various related fields.


    The construction industry of India has contributed 670778 crores for a share of around 8.2 %.


    The industry is fragmented with a handful of major companies involved in the construction activities across all segments.


    Thank you.

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Asked: September 19, 2020In: Miscellaneous

how to calculate the rate of spray of prime coat in road construction.

aviratdhodare
aviratdhodare

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 how to calculate the rate of spray of prime coat in road construction. 

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    Added an answer on September 25, 2020 at 4:08 pm

    Tray Test is used to calculate the rate of spread of prime or tack coat. The test uses a 20cm X 20 cm X 3 cm tray placed on the surface to be primed at some intervals in the path of the sprayer/emulsion distributor. They are placed between the wheel's path/tracks. 5 samples are collected for a testRead more

    Tray Test is used to calculate the rate of spread of prime or tack coat. The test uses a 20cm X 20 cm X 3 cm tray placed on the surface to be primed at some intervals in the path of the sprayer/emulsion distributor. They are placed between the wheel’s path/tracks.

    5 samples are collected for a test and a minimum of 3 tests are conducted for a day of work.

    Weight of the emulsion on the tray is calculated by finding the difference in the final and the initial weight of the tray. Weight per unit sq.m or weight per 10 sq.m is obtained and checked with specified limits mentioned in MORT&H Table 500–3 (prime coat) and 500–5 (Tack coat) or other relevant IRC specifications.

    Initially before the start of the priming work, a demonstration trial is done based on the following parameters:

    1. Equipment type for spraying operation
    2. Size of nozzle
    3. Pressure at spray bar
    4. Speed of forward movement of sprayer equipment.

    Above values are ascertained and calibrated for a required rate of spray as per the specification by using tray test prior to the start of actual work.

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Asked: September 25, 2020In: Miscellaneous

Describe the detailed classification of water application methods.

nikeetasharma
nikeetasharma

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Describe the detailed classification of water application methods. State the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    Added an answer on September 25, 2020 at 4:03 pm
    Describe the detailed classification of water application methods.

    Based on energy/pressure reqd Gravity Irrigation. Border, basin & furrow irrigations Pressurized irrigation. Drip & Sprinkler irrigations Based on placement of irrigation water (on, above or below soil surface) Surface irrigation. Border, basin & furrow irrigations Subsurface irrigationRead more

    • Based on energy/pressure reqd

    Gravity Irrigation. Border, basin & furrow irrigations

    Pressurized irrigation. Drip & Sprinkler irrigations

    • Based on placement of irrigation water (on, above or below soil surface)

    Surface irrigation. Border, basin & furrow irrigations

    Subsurface irrigation

    Overhead irrigation. Sprinkler & hand watering

    • Based on wetted area of crop root zone by irrigation

    Flood irrigation (Border, basin & furrow)

    Drip (or trickle or localized) irrigation

    Sprinkler irrigation

    Surface Irrigation Method: Borders

    • Best adapted to grain and forage crops
    • Good for uniform soils with mild slope
    • Not good for crops sensitive to wet soil conditions
    • Typical efficiencies range from 70 – 85%
    • Major investment is that of land grading or leveling
    • Border strip width, W = 3 – 30m; Length, L = 100 —- 800m
    • Has zero side slope and uniform longitudinal slope of <1%
    • Strips have no cross slope

    Surface Irrigation Method: Basins

    • Field is divided into small units surrounded by levees or dikes
    • Basin size: 1 to 15 ha; up to 100 to 400 m long
    • Most commonly practiced for rice and orchard tree crops
    • Level basin
    1. Water is held until it infiltrates or is drained away
    2. Minimum runoff loss and High application efficiency is possible
    • Graded basin (contour levee irrigation)
    1. Constructed with two levees parallel and two perpendicular to the field contours
    2. Water enters along the upper contour and flows to the lower.

    Advantages

    • Water covers the basin rapidly to ensure good uniformity
    • Best suited for lands/crops where leaching is required to wash out salts from the root zone
    • Involves the least labour of the surface methods
    • Design efficiencies can be on the order of 70-85%

    Limitations

    • Levees interfere with movement of farm equipment
    • Higher amount of water is required compared to sprinkler or drip irrigation
    • Amajor cost in basin irrigation is that of land grading or leveling
    • Impedes surface drainage

    Surface Irrigation Method: Furrow

    • Irrigation is accomplished by running water in small channels (furrow)
    • Constructed with or across the field slope
    • Water infiltrates from the bottom and sides of furrows moving laterally and downward to wet the soil and to move soluble salts, fertilizer and herbicides carried with the water
    • Widely spaced row crops such as potato, maize, vegetables, and trees
    • Loam soil with mild slope, 0.5-2%
    • Labour reqd is generally higher
    • Major initial cost is construction of furrow

    Types

    1. Level
    2. Graded
    3. Contour

    Advantages

    • Efficiency can be high.as 90%
    • Developed at a relatively low cost after necessary land-forming activities are accomplished
    • Erosion is minimal
    • Adaptable to a wide range of land slopes

    Limitation

    • Not suitable for high permeable soil where vertical infiltration is much higher than the lateral entry
    • Higher amount of water is required, compared to sprinkler or drip irrigation
    • Furrows should be closely arranged

    Sprinkler Irrigation

    • Water is delivered through a pressurized pipe network to sprinklers, nozzles, or jets which spray the water into the air, to fall to the soil as an artificial “rain”
    • Light sandy soils are well suited
    • Sprinklers can be used on any topography
    • Sometimes used to germinate seed and establish ground cover for crops like lettuce, alfalfa, and sod
    • Very high efficiency water application
    • High capital investment but has low labor requirements

    Types

    1. Portable or hand move
    2. Solid set & permanent
    3. Travelling gun system
    4. Side roll system
    5. Centre pivot & linear move system

    Advantages

    • Readily automatable
    • Facilitates to chemigation and fertigation
    • Reduced labor requirements needed for irrigation

    Limitations

    • Many crops (citrus, for example) are sensitive to foliar damage when sprinkled with saline waters
    • Initially high installation cost
    • High maintenance cost

    Drip Irrigation

    • Constant steady flow of water is applied directly to the root zone of the plants by means of applicators operated under low pressure
    • Applicators: orifices, emitters, porous tubing, perforated pipe
    • Most efficient irrigation system
    • Most suited to high-density orchards, tree crops, and high-value horticultural crops
    • Not designed for large root systems
    • Suited for situations where the water supply is limited
    • Very effective in applying nutrients (fertilizers)/insecticides through the drip system
    • Burying the drip system reduces water loss even further by preventing runoff across the surface

    Advantages: 

    • Highly efficient system
    • Limited water sources can be used
    • Right amount of water can be applied in the root zone
    • It can be automated and well adapted to chemigation and fertigation
    • Reduces nutrient leaching, labor requirement, and operating cost
    • Nearly uniform distribution of water
    • Lower pressures are required-low energy for pumping

    Limitations:

    • High initial cost
    • Technical skill is required to maintain and operate the system
    • The closer the spacing, the higher the system cost per hectare
    • Damage to drip tape may occur
    • Cannot wet the soil volume quickly (to recover from moisture deficit) as other systems
    • Facilitates shallow root zone
    • Needs clean water

    Other Forms of Irrigation

    Hand watering

    • Nurseries and Fruit trees

    Capillary irrigation

    • Wet the root zone by capillary rise
    • Buried pipes or deep surface canals

    Localized irrigation

    • Water is applied around each or group of plants
    • Wets root zone only

    Subsurface irrigation

    • Water is applied below the ground surface either by raising the water table within or near the root zone or by using a buried perforated or porous pipe system

     

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