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Asked: July 3, 2020In: Miscellaneous

What are the methods used to calculate quantities for earthwork in hill roads?

Ancy Joby
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What are the methods used to calculate quantities for earthwork in hill roads?

  1. [Deleted User]
    Added an answer on August 16, 2020 at 6:33 pm
    This answer was edited.

    Generally hill profiles are irregular. So, the most efficient method for hill road is the prismoidal method (Simpson method). It based on the assumption that profile is parabolic between two sections. For use of this method, it is necessary that profile should be divided into odd number of section.Read more

    Generally hill profiles are irregular. So, the most efficient method for hill road is the prismoidal method (Simpson method). It based on the assumption that profile is parabolic between two sections.

    For use of this method, it is necessary that profile should be divided into odd number of section. If the profile is divided in even number of section than apply prismoidal method till the second last section and apply the trapezoidal method in last section.

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Asked: September 19, 2020In: Miscellaneous

how to calculate the rate of spray of prime coat in road construction.

aviratdhodare
aviratdhodare

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 how to calculate the rate of spray of prime coat in road construction. 

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    Added an answer on September 25, 2020 at 4:08 pm

    Tray Test is used to calculate the rate of spread of prime or tack coat. The test uses a 20cm X 20 cm X 3 cm tray placed on the surface to be primed at some intervals in the path of the sprayer/emulsion distributor. They are placed between the wheel's path/tracks. 5 samples are collected for a testRead more

    Tray Test is used to calculate the rate of spread of prime or tack coat. The test uses a 20cm X 20 cm X 3 cm tray placed on the surface to be primed at some intervals in the path of the sprayer/emulsion distributor. They are placed between the wheel’s path/tracks.

    5 samples are collected for a test and a minimum of 3 tests are conducted for a day of work.

    Weight of the emulsion on the tray is calculated by finding the difference in the final and the initial weight of the tray. Weight per unit sq.m or weight per 10 sq.m is obtained and checked with specified limits mentioned in MORT&H Table 500–3 (prime coat) and 500–5 (Tack coat) or other relevant IRC specifications.

    Initially before the start of the priming work, a demonstration trial is done based on the following parameters:

    1. Equipment type for spraying operation
    2. Size of nozzle
    3. Pressure at spray bar
    4. Speed of forward movement of sprayer equipment.

    Above values are ascertained and calibrated for a required rate of spray as per the specification by using tray test prior to the start of actual work.

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Asked: April 23, 2021In: Miscellaneous

What are the different types of roller shutters and their uses?

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What are the different types of roller shutters and their uses?

  1. Fasi Ur Rahman

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    Added an answer on April 23, 2021 at 1:29 pm

    Rolling shutters are among the most common types of doors where the large size of openings, safety, protection against fire, and theft are a concern. The rolling shutter is made from heavy steel strips interlocked and hinged for maximum strength. These shutters are fixed with coiled springs for smooRead more

    Rolling shutters are among the most common types of doors where the large size of openings, safety, protection against fire, and theft are a concern. The rolling shutter is made from heavy steel strips interlocked and hinged for maximum strength. These shutters are fixed with coiled springs for smooth operation. Rolling shutters give complete protection and high resistance power against wind, rain, and burglary.

    The rolling shutter doors are classified based on materials, operations of the shutter, application.

    Read more- Types of Rolling Shutter Doors

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Asked: August 18, 2020In: Miscellaneous

What is positive and negative reinforcement in reinforced concrete?

aviratdhodare
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What is positive and negative reinforcement in reinforced concrete?

  1. nikeetasharma

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    Added an answer on October 11, 2020 at 4:39 pm
    This answer was edited.

    Here, positive and negative reinforcement directly relates to positive and negative bending in the member. So wherever we anticipate postive bending or sagging in a member, we provide postive reinforcement and wherever we anticipate negative bending or hogging, we provide negative reinforcement. MosRead more

    Here, positive and negative reinforcement directly relates to positive and negative bending in the member. So wherever we anticipate postive bending or sagging in a member, we provide postive reinforcement and wherever we anticipate negative bending or hogging, we provide negative reinforcement. Most of the times these two may be the same bar.

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Asked: June 20, 2020In: Miscellaneous

What are the Causes of a Structure Collapse?

Rohan Chaugule
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What are the causes of a structure collapse?

  1. Atta Ur Rehman

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    Added an answer on June 22, 2020 at 4:44 pm

    Following are the five major reasons of structural collapse: 1. The foundations are too weak Adequate foundations can be costly. They can cost up to half the price of a building, observes professor of civil engineering Anthony Ede at Covenant University in Ota, Nigeria. He says two things should beRead more

    Following are the five major reasons of structural collapse:

    1. The foundations are too weak

    Adequate foundations can be costly.

    They can cost up to half the price of a building, observes professor of civil engineering Anthony Ede at Covenant University in Ota, Nigeria.

    He says two things should be considered when you are building the foundations – the solidity of the soil and the heaviness of the building and its contents.

    In the commercial capital of his country, Lagos, the swampy ground requires strong foundations. Far stronger than solid ground.

    But he says developers save money that should be spent on foundations when building on the city’s swampy ground and many buildings have collapsed in Lagos as a result.

    Even on solid ground, foundations need to be strong enough for the load.

    Inadequate foundations for a four-storey building was one of three reasons given by investigators for a building collapsing in northern Rwanda in 2013 and killing six people.

    2. The building materials aren’t strong enough

    Materials that just aren’t strong enough to withhold the load are used, says Hermogene Nsengimana from the African Organization for Standardisation, whose organisation met last month in Nairobi to discuss why so many African buildings collapse.

    He suggests there is a market for counterfeit materials – going as far as to say that sometimes scrap metal is used instead of steel.

    When a six-storey building in Uganda’s capital Kampala collapsed in April, the director of the city authority suggested it had been constructed with counterfeit materials, reports Ugo news site .

    Mr Nsengimana says there are even cases of counterfeiters faking authentification certificates.

    But he suggests contractors also knowingly use the incorrect materials to cut costs.

    So they may use concrete intended to bear the load of a one-storey building in a four-storey building.

    Mr Ede adds that this is something regulators are not policing.

    3. Workers make mistakes

    Even when workers are given the right materials to make the concrete, they mix them incorrectly, says Mr Ede.

    This results in concrete which is not of the sufficient strength to hold the load.

    He accuses developers of cutting costs by employing unskilled workers who are cheaper than trained builders.

    This is one of the reasons put forward by civil engineers Henry Mwanaki Alinaitwe and Stephen Ekolu why a building in Uganda collapsed in 2004.

    Their research shows that the workers misunderstood the mixing ratios of the concrete.

    It suggested that people used wheelbarrows instead of measuring gauges to measure cement.

    The five-storey BBJ new hotel collapsed in construction and 11 people died.

    “You find bricklayers and even technicians calling themselves engineers,” cautions the president of the Nigerian Institution of Structural Engineers Oreoluwa Fadayomi in Nigeria’s The Punch news site.

    To those who want to save money on professionals, he advises: “One should not be penny wise and pound foolish”.

    4. The load is heavier than expected

    Mr Ede says a building collapses when the load is beyond the strength of the building.

    He gives the example of asking a baby to carry a heavy box: “The baby will not be able to withhold the strain.”

    Even if the foundations and the materials are strong enough for what they were originally built for, that purpose may change.

    So, Mr Ede says, if a building was designed to be a home and is then turned into a library where boxes and boxes of books are piled up, the building may strain under the weight.

    He says another reason why the load is often heavier than the original design is because extra storeys are added.

    In March an upmarket apartment block which had more storeys than planned collapsed in Lagos, killing 34 people the Guardian reported.

    This came two years after a church accommodation for the famous preacher TB Joshua collapsed, also, authorities said, because it had more floors than it could hold . In that case more than 100 people lost their lives.

    5. The strength isn’t tested

    At all points of construction the strength of the building should be tested, says Mr Ede.

    “You have to be strict,” he says, about policing building.

    “The law says you must test. It’s the enforcement of the law which is the problem,” he says.

    That’s a big problem, he says, when at every stage of construction there is someone with a strong motivation to save money or take money.

    There are many physical reasons a building can collapse but only one driving motivation for that to happen, says Mr Ede. That’s money.

    And for him this is the real reason buildings collapse – corruption.

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Asked: July 31, 2020In: Miscellaneous

What are the best steps for bituminous patch repair work?

vivek gami
vivek gami

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What are the best steps for bituminous patch repair work?

  1. nikeetasharma

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    Added an answer on December 18, 2020 at 3:38 pm

    The best steps for bituminous patch repair work are as follows :- - Clean the patches and debris. - Make the affected surrounding clean. - Spray the binder coat at the bottom of patches. - Fill the patch with asphalt and aggregate. - Then cover with asphalt binding material. - Edge seal to repair woRead more

    The best steps for bituminous patch repair work are as follows :-

    – Clean the patches and debris.
    – Make the affected surrounding clean.
    – Spray the binder coat at the bottom of patches.
    – Fill the patch with asphalt and aggregate.
    – Then cover with asphalt binding material.
    – Edge seal to repair work.

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Asked: May 22, 2020In: Miscellaneous

What are the advantages of running electrical cables through PVC conduits in the walls over running in the slab?

VSR
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What are the advantages of running electrical cables through PVC conduits in the walls over running in the slab? Are there any problems which may come up in the future if we run electrical cables conduits in the slab?    

  1. Rohan Chaugule

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    Added an answer on June 14, 2020 at 7:14 pm

    The main advantage, from my point of view, is that it may so happen that we may want to demolish a wall in the house for what so ever reason, but we can't dismantle or harm the slab since its a structural member. The second reason is that a slab may run continuously throughout the structure; hence wRead more

    The main advantage, from my point of view, is that it may so happen that we may want to demolish a wall in the house for what so ever reason, but we can’t dismantle or harm the slab since its a structural member.

    The second reason is that a slab may run continuously throughout the structure; hence we can lay straight cables throughout the structure and provide connection where ever required, but in case of walls, we may not find this convenient.

    Also, if the walls are periphery or exterior walls, which may be directly exposed to rains, then it may cause Earthing issues.

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Asked: July 6, 2020In: Miscellaneous

Which methods are used to compute ‘Runoff’ from a catchment?

Ancy Joby
Ancy Joby

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Which methods are used to compute ‘Runoff’ from a catchment?

  1. nikeetasharma

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    Added an answer on December 18, 2020 at 10:12 pm

    The curve number method is an adaptable and widely used for runoff estimation. This method is important properties of the watershed, specifically soil permeability, land use and antecedent soil water conditions which take into consideration. Thus, straightforward methods of calculating runoff can teRead more

    The curve number method is an adaptable and widely used for runoff estimation. This method is important properties of the watershed, specifically soil permeability, land use and antecedent soil water conditions which take into consideration. Thus, straightforward methods of calculating runoff can tell you the amount of water that storms bring to the earth. For a given surface area such as a roof or yard, multiply the area by the inches of rainfall and divide by 231 to obtain the runoff in gallons.

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