Structural Engineering

If the wall is rigid and cannot be move when the pressure exerted on the wall, then the soil behind the wall is in the state of static equilibrium. This case is called rest earth pressure.

For bridges, slab walls and Abutments is soil mass or backfill with static equilibrium is required because it can bear the heavy load. Thus for safety point of view in construction pressure at rest is considered. In this case, all the pressures are being exerted uniformly on the retaining wall.

There are two types of conditions developed

For normally consolidated clay,

K= 1- sin(¢)

For overconsolidated clay

K(overconsolidated )= K(normally consolidated clay) x √OCR 

OCR= OVERCONSOLIDATION RATIO

Hi,

Substitute frame method is used for the analysis of complex structure I.e multi-storeyed building because analysis of multi-story building is very complicated and long calculations needed. Substitute frame method used for sudden analysis and gives approximate values.

The moment distribution method is used for the analysis of applied loads on the structure in the substitute frame method. This method is generally used to determine the vertical loads and horizontal loads. Vertical load is a combination of live load and dead loads

This method is applied only or vertical loads.

Dead loads include self-weight of slab column and beams which is analysed in substitute frame method.

In this method, the beams which are at floor level as well as the columns above the floor and below which are situated at the fixed far end will be e analysed. In some cases the bending moment is not distributed over the far end, thus the moment is computed independently at each floor and retained on that floor for further analysis.