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Asked: September 25, 2020In: Foundation

What is meant by stability of slope ? How to calculate slope stability?

nikeetasharma
nikeetasharma

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what is stability of slope and how can we calculate it?

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    Added an answer on January 3, 2021 at 7:09 pm
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    Slope stability is the process of calculating and assessing how much stress a particular slope can manage before failing. Examples of common slopes include roads for commercial use, dams, excavated slopes, and soft rock trails in reservoirs, forests, and parks. Considering the importance of slope stRead more

    Slope stability is the process of calculating and assessing how much stress a particular slope can manage before failing. Examples of common slopes include roads for commercial use, dams, excavated slopes, and soft rock trails in reservoirs, forests, and parks. Considering the importance of slope stability to their work, it’s beneficial for civil engineers to understand how to properly evaluate slope stability and leverage various techniques to achieve slope stabilization.

    Evaluating Slope Stability

    Civil engineers evaluate slope stability on the following premise: if a slope is stable enough to resist movement, then it is considered stable; whereas if the movement is too strong for a slope, then it is considered unstable. There are a number of elements that factor into determining slope stability and are analyzed through a series of tests by civil engineers. Four of the most prominent factors include:

    • Relief – height differences amongst the slope’s terrain.
    • Material Strength – the strength of the material used in creating the slope.
    • Soil Water Content – relative amount of water in the soil surrounding the slope.
    • Vegetation – plants and vegetation covering and/or surrounding the slope area.

    Another factor which civil engineers must keep in mind is whether they are interested in determining short-term stability, long-term stability, or both. In either of these cases, civil engineers will need to evaluate the soil and determine if there is potential for slippage or sliding. In analyzing for long-term stability, engineers will also need to consider a number of factors, such as evaluating the potential quality of the soil in five or ten years or potential environmental events that could rupture or alter the soil.

    Techniques for Stabilization

    There are a number of techniques that civil engineers can leverage in achieving stabilization, some of which include:

    • Anchor blocking – where blocks are strategically placed across the slope to resist the movement of sliding soil.
    • Soil nailing – stabilization is achieved through the use of steel nails, which help provide support to the slope and/or infrastructure.
    • Gabions – attempt to provide stability through the use of walls (similar to blocks) formed with the soil. These walls are capable of being temporary for stability rehabilitation or permanent.
    • Micropile slide stabilization system – uses micropiles, concrete beams, and at times anchors to achieve stabilization. With this system, civil engineers insert a concrete beam into the ground then drill micropiles into the beam at various angles. Once complete, the connected micropiles will provide enough stability to protect an infrastructure from any sliding forces it may encounter.

    One of the more recent trends in slope stability is the implementation of sustainable slopes, particularly for flood protection systems. This process has become quite complicated as a result of the numerous variables that come with introducing a new and powerful element such as water. Due to these variables, civil engineers have had to expand and tighten their assessment and calculation skills as they deal with new uncertainties, such as the exact strength and power of a given flood.

    3D slope analysis is another growing trend for achieving and maintaining slope stability. Although not always necessary, 3D slope analysis has developed into a unique component of the slope stability process as it provides civil engineers with the capability to observe and analyze the actual state of the slope, as opposed to 2D which often relies upon assumptions to simplify the process. Furthermore, 2D slope analysis can be done only once a civil engineer knows the configuration and soil framework, whereas 3D slope analysis is able to manage more complex and potentially unknown factors. Examples of when 3D slope analysis may be used include:

    • Slopes featuring complex geometry
    • Differences in the geometry of slope and slip surface
    • Locally surcharged slope

    Slope stability has become a crucial component of America’s expanding infrastructure ecosystem. By calculating slope stability, civil engineers are able to create beautiful and innovative infrastructures in regions and areas that in the past were deemed unsafe for a building. Furthermore, the insight gained by determining slope stability has given civil engineers an expanded understanding of natural laws and forces, which they can study to improve future projects, as well as progress the civil engineering industry as a whole.

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Asked: September 22, 2020In: Foundation

In which type of soil can we use pile foundation?

nikeetasharma
nikeetasharma

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explain briefly about pile foundation and in which type of soil it can be used?

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    Added an answer on November 21, 2020 at 5:48 pm
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    Pile foundations are habitually used for large structures and in certain situations where the soil at shallow depth is unsuitable to withstand excessive settlement & resist uplift. Thank You.

    Pile foundations are habitually used for large structures and in certain situations where the soil at shallow depth is unsuitable to withstand excessive settlement & resist uplift.


    Thank You.

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Asked: September 28, 2020In: Foundation

What are the construction practices which are used to avoid differential settlement in foundation?

nikeetasharma
nikeetasharma

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What are the construction practices used to avoid differential settlement in foundation?

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    Added an answer on November 20, 2020 at 1:42 pm
    This answer was edited.

    Differential settlement in foundation: Usually, due to poor compaction, lower bearing capacity of the soil, high depth of hard strata, various changes in water content in soil are the basic reason behind the differential settlement of soil. Apart from that, trees & vegetation is not good for fouRead more

    Differential settlement in foundation:

    Usually, due to poor compaction, lower bearing capacity of the soil, high depth of hard strata, various changes in water content in soil are the basic reason behind the differential settlement of soil.

    Apart from that, trees & vegetation is not good for foundation safety.

    Soil consolidation is the main reason for differential settlement of the foundation.

    Foundation push piers & foundation underpinning also harms the foundation, which leads to a differential settlement.

    Thank you.

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Asked: November 18, 2017In: Foundation

What are Bearing Capacity Values of Different Types of Soil?

Gopal Mishra
Gopal Mishra

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What are the bearing capacity values of different types of soils such as clay, sand, gravel, rocks etc.?

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    Added an answer on August 12, 2020 at 11:32 pm

    Follwoing are the values of safe bearing capacity as per IS:1904–1978 - Rocks - a) hard sound rock - 330 t/m2 or 3240 KN/m2 b) leminated rock - 165 t/m2 or 1620 KN/m2 c) residual deposit of shattered and broken rocks- 90 t/m2 or 880 KN/m2 d) soft rock - 45 t/m2 or 440 KN/m2 Non Cohesive Soil (sandRead more

    Follwoing are the values of safe bearing capacity as per IS:1904–1978 –

    Rocks –

    a) hard sound rock – 330 t/m2 or 3240 KN/m2

    b) leminated rock – 165 t/m2 or 1620 KN/m2

    c) residual deposit of shattered and broken rocks- 90 t/m2 or 880 KN/m2

    d) soft rock – 45 t/m2 or 440 KN/m2

    Non Cohesive Soil (sand & gravel ) –

    a) compact gravel, sand and gravel – 45 t/m2 or 440 KN/m2

    b) compact and dry coarse sand – 45 t/m2 or 440 KN/m2

    c) compact and dry medium sand – 25 t/m2 or 245 KN/m2

    d) find sand – 15 t/m2 or 150 KN/m2

    e) loose gavel or sand – 25 t/m2 or 245 KN/m2

    f) loose and dry fine sand – 10 t/m2 or 100 KN/m2

    Cohesive soil –

    a) hard or stiff clay, soft shale – 45 t/m2 or 440 KN/m2

    b) medium clay – 25 t/m2 or 245 KN/m2

    c) moist clay and sand clay mixture – 15 t/m2 or 150 KN/m2

    d) soft clay – 10 t/m2 or 100 KN/m2

    e) very soft clay – 5 t/m2 or 50 KN/m2

    f) black cotton soil , peat – by soil investigation

    This is bit difficult to state like this. Generally, in fields, we deal with layered soil systems where in you need to work out settlement of each layer and then compare the same to allowable settlement of the subject structure. The allowable settlement for each structure in different and hence the criterion changes all the time.

    More than shear criteria, the settlement criteria generally governs the safe bearing capacity of a soil. So, it is difficult to standardize the bearing capacity values in case of soils. May be, in the case of rock, you can standardize the values as the rock does not settle more than 3–4 mm.

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Asked: August 17, 2020In: Foundation

Why is the main reinforcement provided on the longer side of raft footing?

Vivek Srinivasan
Vivek Srinivasan

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Why is the main reinforcement provided on the longer side of raft footing?

  1. nikeetasharma

    nikeetasharma

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    Added an answer on November 25, 2020 at 10:47 am

    The longest span is in more critical section due to which main reinforcement is provided on the longer span. The longest span has to bear a higher bending moment. This is because the uplift pressure from the soil below will be equal in all locations, but the moment developed at the longer span willRead more

    The longest span is in more critical section due to which main reinforcement is provided on the longer span. The longest span has to bear a higher bending moment. This is because the uplift pressure from the soil below will be equal in all locations, but the moment developed at the longer span will be higher because of a long arm. Its a uniformly distributed load and so it produces a larger moment on a longer beam. Thus, the main reinforcement is provided in longer span.

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Asked: July 16, 2020In: Foundation

What is contect pressure in footing?

Vivek Patel
Vivek Patel

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What is content pressure in footing? How it is determine?

  1. vivek gami

    vivek gami

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    Added an answer on July 16, 2020 at 4:22 pm

    < strong>contact pressure is the pressure between footing end and soil strata where we rest the footing. we should have safe contact pressure to avoid foundation failure like (punching failure, shear failure, excessive settlement of the foundation, etc. )   it is express by load per area it isRead more

    < strong>contact pressure is the pressure between footing end and soil strata where we rest the footing.

    we should have safe contact pressure to avoid foundation failure like (punching failure, shear failure, excessive settlement of the foundation, etc. )

     

    it is express by load per area

    it is depending on

    • elastic property of soil
    • type of foundation either flexible or rigid
    • type of soil and its various property

    see the figure to more understanding

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Asked: July 13, 2020In: Foundation

What are the factor affecting in selection of foundation ?

vivek gami
vivek gami

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What are the factor affecting in selection of foundation ?

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    Added an answer on October 19, 2020 at 11:07 pm
    This answer was edited.
    What are the factor affecting in selection of foundation ?

    Factors affecting the selection of foundation: Factors affecting the selection of foundation based on politics to basic criteria: Based on soil condition Based on loads from the building 1. based on soil condition: The shallow foundations are most preferred Foundation whenever the soil close to theRead more

    Factors affecting the selection of foundation:

    Factors affecting the selection of foundation based on politics to basic criteria:

    1. Based on soil condition
    2. Based on loads from the building

    1. based on soil condition:

    • The shallow foundations are most preferred Foundation whenever the soil close to the surface which is capable of support structural loads.
    • Where ground close to the surface is not capable of supporting structural loads Din hard starter is used for the foundation is required.
    • The stable ground requires Shallow Foundation whereas filled up Grounds has low bearing capacity thus requires deep Foundation.

    2. based on loads from the building:

    • In case of very low height building in a larger area than the extent of loading is relatively very slow and that’s why Shallow Foundation con resists the load from the structures.
    • In the case of high rise building with less area and high amount of loads. In that case, the foundation is required. Because the shallow Foundation may not be able to resist such high loads of great intensity.

    Thank you.

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Asked: July 16, 2020In: Foundation

Which type of foundation are used for G+5 building?

Vivek Patel
Vivek Patel

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Which type of foundation are used for G+5 building?

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    Added an answer on November 21, 2020 at 6:00 pm
    This answer was edited.

    Pile foundation and raft foundation is used for a high rise structure. Pile foundations are more capable of taking higher loads than spread footings.   When allowable bearing pressure is low, the heavy structure is present & the site is with a highly compressible layer; then raft foundationRead more

    Pile foundation and raft foundation is used for a high rise structure.

    Pile foundations are more capable of taking higher loads than spread footings.


     

    When allowable bearing pressure is low, the heavy structure is present & the site is with a highly compressible layer; then raft foundation is applicable.


    Thank You.

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