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Asked: September 25, 2020In: Foundation

What is meant by stability of slope ? How to calculate slope stability?

nikeetasharma
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what is stability of slope and how can we calculate it?

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    Added an answer on January 3, 2021 at 7:09 pm
    This answer was edited.

    Slope stability is the process of calculating and assessing how much stress a particular slope can manage before failing. Examples of common slopes include roads for commercial use, dams, excavated slopes, and soft rock trails in reservoirs, forests, and parks. Considering the importance of slope stRead more

    Slope stability is the process of calculating and assessing how much stress a particular slope can manage before failing. Examples of common slopes include roads for commercial use, dams, excavated slopes, and soft rock trails in reservoirs, forests, and parks. Considering the importance of slope stability to their work, it’s beneficial for civil engineers to understand how to properly evaluate slope stability and leverage various techniques to achieve slope stabilization.

    Evaluating Slope Stability

    Civil engineers evaluate slope stability on the following premise: if a slope is stable enough to resist movement, then it is considered stable; whereas if the movement is too strong for a slope, then it is considered unstable. There are a number of elements that factor into determining slope stability and are analyzed through a series of tests by civil engineers. Four of the most prominent factors include:

    • Relief – height differences amongst the slope’s terrain.
    • Material Strength – the strength of the material used in creating the slope.
    • Soil Water Content – relative amount of water in the soil surrounding the slope.
    • Vegetation – plants and vegetation covering and/or surrounding the slope area.

    Another factor which civil engineers must keep in mind is whether they are interested in determining short-term stability, long-term stability, or both. In either of these cases, civil engineers will need to evaluate the soil and determine if there is potential for slippage or sliding. In analyzing for long-term stability, engineers will also need to consider a number of factors, such as evaluating the potential quality of the soil in five or ten years or potential environmental events that could rupture or alter the soil.

    Techniques for Stabilization

    There are a number of techniques that civil engineers can leverage in achieving stabilization, some of which include:

    • Anchor blocking – where blocks are strategically placed across the slope to resist the movement of sliding soil.
    • Soil nailing – stabilization is achieved through the use of steel nails, which help provide support to the slope and/or infrastructure.
    • Gabions – attempt to provide stability through the use of walls (similar to blocks) formed with the soil. These walls are capable of being temporary for stability rehabilitation or permanent.
    • Micropile slide stabilization system – uses micropiles, concrete beams, and at times anchors to achieve stabilization. With this system, civil engineers insert a concrete beam into the ground then drill micropiles into the beam at various angles. Once complete, the connected micropiles will provide enough stability to protect an infrastructure from any sliding forces it may encounter.

    One of the more recent trends in slope stability is the implementation of sustainable slopes, particularly for flood protection systems. This process has become quite complicated as a result of the numerous variables that come with introducing a new and powerful element such as water. Due to these variables, civil engineers have had to expand and tighten their assessment and calculation skills as they deal with new uncertainties, such as the exact strength and power of a given flood.

    3D slope analysis is another growing trend for achieving and maintaining slope stability. Although not always necessary, 3D slope analysis has developed into a unique component of the slope stability process as it provides civil engineers with the capability to observe and analyze the actual state of the slope, as opposed to 2D which often relies upon assumptions to simplify the process. Furthermore, 2D slope analysis can be done only once a civil engineer knows the configuration and soil framework, whereas 3D slope analysis is able to manage more complex and potentially unknown factors. Examples of when 3D slope analysis may be used include:

    • Slopes featuring complex geometry
    • Differences in the geometry of slope and slip surface
    • Locally surcharged slope

    Slope stability has become a crucial component of America’s expanding infrastructure ecosystem. By calculating slope stability, civil engineers are able to create beautiful and innovative infrastructures in regions and areas that in the past were deemed unsafe for a building. Furthermore, the insight gained by determining slope stability has given civil engineers an expanded understanding of natural laws and forces, which they can study to improve future projects, as well as progress the civil engineering industry as a whole.

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Asked: September 28, 2020In: Foundation

What are the construction practices which are used to avoid differential settlement in foundation?

nikeetasharma
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What are the construction practices used to avoid differential settlement in foundation?

  1. KomalBhandakkar

    KomalBhandakkar

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    Added an answer on November 20, 2020 at 1:42 pm
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    Differential settlement in foundation: Usually, due to poor compaction, lower bearing capacity of the soil, high depth of hard strata, various changes in water content in soil are the basic reason behind the differential settlement of soil. Apart from that, trees & vegetation is not good for fouRead more

    Differential settlement in foundation:

    Usually, due to poor compaction, lower bearing capacity of the soil, high depth of hard strata, various changes in water content in soil are the basic reason behind the differential settlement of soil.

    Apart from that, trees & vegetation is not good for foundation safety.

    Soil consolidation is the main reason for differential settlement of the foundation.

    Foundation push piers & foundation underpinning also harms the foundation, which leads to a differential settlement.

    Thank you.

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Asked: September 22, 2020In: Foundation

In which type of soil can we use pile foundation?

nikeetasharma
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explain briefly about pile foundation and in which type of soil it can be used?

  1. KomalBhandakkar

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    Added an answer on November 21, 2020 at 5:48 pm
    This answer was edited.

    Pile foundations are habitually used for large structures and in certain situations where the soil at shallow depth is unsuitable to withstand excessive settlement & resist uplift. Thank You.

    Pile foundations are habitually used for large structures and in certain situations where the soil at shallow depth is unsuitable to withstand excessive settlement & resist uplift.


    Thank You.

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Asked: November 18, 2017In: Foundation

What are Bearing Capacity Values of Different Types of Soil?

Gopal Mishra
Gopal Mishra

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What are the bearing capacity values of different types of soils such as clay, sand, gravel, rocks etc.?

  1. aviratdhodare

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    Added an answer on August 12, 2020 at 11:32 pm

    Follwoing are the values of safe bearing capacity as per IS:1904–1978 - Rocks - a) hard sound rock - 330 t/m2 or 3240 KN/m2 b) leminated rock - 165 t/m2 or 1620 KN/m2 c) residual deposit of shattered and broken rocks- 90 t/m2 or 880 KN/m2 d) soft rock - 45 t/m2 or 440 KN/m2 Non Cohesive Soil (sandRead more

    Follwoing are the values of safe bearing capacity as per IS:1904–1978 –

    Rocks –

    a) hard sound rock – 330 t/m2 or 3240 KN/m2

    b) leminated rock – 165 t/m2 or 1620 KN/m2

    c) residual deposit of shattered and broken rocks- 90 t/m2 or 880 KN/m2

    d) soft rock – 45 t/m2 or 440 KN/m2

    Non Cohesive Soil (sand & gravel ) –

    a) compact gravel, sand and gravel – 45 t/m2 or 440 KN/m2

    b) compact and dry coarse sand – 45 t/m2 or 440 KN/m2

    c) compact and dry medium sand – 25 t/m2 or 245 KN/m2

    d) find sand – 15 t/m2 or 150 KN/m2

    e) loose gavel or sand – 25 t/m2 or 245 KN/m2

    f) loose and dry fine sand – 10 t/m2 or 100 KN/m2

    Cohesive soil –

    a) hard or stiff clay, soft shale – 45 t/m2 or 440 KN/m2

    b) medium clay – 25 t/m2 or 245 KN/m2

    c) moist clay and sand clay mixture – 15 t/m2 or 150 KN/m2

    d) soft clay – 10 t/m2 or 100 KN/m2

    e) very soft clay – 5 t/m2 or 50 KN/m2

    f) black cotton soil , peat – by soil investigation

    This is bit difficult to state like this. Generally, in fields, we deal with layered soil systems where in you need to work out settlement of each layer and then compare the same to allowable settlement of the subject structure. The allowable settlement for each structure in different and hence the criterion changes all the time.

    More than shear criteria, the settlement criteria generally governs the safe bearing capacity of a soil. So, it is difficult to standardize the bearing capacity values in case of soils. May be, in the case of rock, you can standardize the values as the rock does not settle more than 3–4 mm.

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Asked: July 16, 2020In: Foundation

Which type of foundation are used for G+5 building?

Vivek Patel
Vivek Patel

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Which type of foundation are used for G+5 building?

  1. KomalBhandakkar

    KomalBhandakkar

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    Added an answer on November 21, 2020 at 6:00 pm
    This answer was edited.

    Pile foundation and raft foundation is used for a high rise structure. Pile foundations are more capable of taking higher loads than spread footings.   When allowable bearing pressure is low, the heavy structure is present & the site is with a highly compressible layer; then raft foundationRead more

    Pile foundation and raft foundation is used for a high rise structure.

    Pile foundations are more capable of taking higher loads than spread footings.


     

    When allowable bearing pressure is low, the heavy structure is present & the site is with a highly compressible layer; then raft foundation is applicable.


    Thank You.

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Asked: September 22, 2020In: Foundation

Foundation appears to move up or down

hbgtbt
hbgtbt

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Good afternoon Folks:  If my foundation appears to move up when we get heavy rains and then back down when we have no rain for months – other than this being an irritant ; does this generally mean there ...

  1. KomalBhandakkar

    KomalBhandakkar

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    Added an answer on November 21, 2020 at 5:43 pm
    This answer was edited.

    The vertical movement in foundations is caused by : Either downwards movement of the wall or wall footing, when a wall footing sinks in soft soil. An up and down movement of the wall or wall footings such as when a wall is disturbed by frost in a freezing climate Expansive clay soils expand or shrinRead more

    The vertical movement in foundations is caused by :

    1. Either downwards movement of the wall or wall footing, when a wall footing sinks in soft soil.
    2. An up and down movement of the wall or wall footings such as when a wall is disturbed by frost in a freezing climate
    3. Expansive clay soils expand or shrink as their water content increases or decreases.

    Thank You.

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Asked: July 16, 2020In: Foundation

What is Universal Foundation?

Vivek Patel
Vivek Patel

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What is Universal Foundation? Where it is use?

  1. vivek gami

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    Added an answer on July 16, 2020 at 4:40 pm

    universal foundation is pile foundation. it is used at all location, so we call it universal foundation in simple way basically pile foundation use at where bearing capacity of soil is low where chances of differential settlement of foundation where structural load is very high like bridge or skyskiRead more

    universal foundation is pile foundation.

    it is used at all location, so we call it universal foundation in simple way

    basically pile foundation use at

    • where bearing capacity of soil is low
    • where chances of differential settlement of foundation
    • where structural load is very high like bridge or skyskiper building
    • where black cotton soil is present
    • where bearing strata depth is very high
    • where structure need to resist excessive vibration (wind mill)
    • pile foundation we can use every where.
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Asked: July 16, 2020In: Foundation

Which type of foundation is used in sea link project bridge?

Vivek Patel
Vivek Patel

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Which type of foundation is used in sea link project bridge?

  1. DevilAVRT

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    Added an answer on July 17, 2020 at 5:06 pm

    Most commonly, they use reinforced pile. For e.g., Bandra Worli sea link. The foundations for the BWSL's cable-stayed bridges consist of 120 reinforced concrete piles of 2,000 mm (6.6 ft) diameter. Those for the viaducts consist of 484 piles of 1,500 mm (4.9 ft). These 604 piles were driven betweenRead more

    Most commonly, they use reinforced pile.

    For e.g., Bandra Worli sea link. The foundations for the BWSL’s cable-stayed bridges consist of 120 reinforced concrete piles of 2,000 mm (6.6 ft) diameter. Those for the viaducts consist of 484 piles of 1,500 mm (4.9 ft). These 604 piles were driven between 6m and 34m into the substrata in geotechnical conditions that varied from highly weathered volcanic material to massive high strength rocks.

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