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what is stability of slope and how can we calculate it?
explain briefly about pile foundation and in which type of soil it can be used?
Pile foundations are habitually used for large structures and in certain situations where the soil at shallow depth is unsuitable to withstand excessive settlement & resist uplift. Thank You.
Pile foundations are habitually used for large structures and in certain situations where the soil at shallow depth is unsuitable to withstand excessive settlement & resist uplift.
Thank You.
See lessWhat are the construction practices used to avoid differential settlement in foundation?
Differential settlement in foundation: Usually, due to poor compaction, lower bearing capacity of the soil, high depth of hard strata, various changes in water content in soil are the basic reason behind the differential settlement of soil. Apart from that, trees & vegetation is not good for fouRead more
Usually, due to poor compaction, lower bearing capacity of the soil, high depth of hard strata, various changes in water content in soil are the basic reason behind the differential settlement of soil.
Apart from that, trees & vegetation is not good for foundation safety.
Soil consolidation is the main reason for differential settlement of the foundation.
Foundation push piers & foundation underpinning also harms the foundation, which leads to a differential settlement.
Thank you.
See lessWhat are the bearing capacity values of different types of soils such as clay, sand, gravel, rocks etc.?
Follwoing are the values of safe bearing capacity as per IS:1904–1978 - Rocks - a) hard sound rock - 330 t/m2 or 3240 KN/m2 b) leminated rock - 165 t/m2 or 1620 KN/m2 c) residual deposit of shattered and broken rocks- 90 t/m2 or 880 KN/m2 d) soft rock - 45 t/m2 or 440 KN/m2 Non Cohesive Soil (sandRead more
Follwoing are the values of safe bearing capacity as per IS:1904–1978 –
Rocks –
a) hard sound rock – 330 t/m2 or 3240 KN/m2
b) leminated rock – 165 t/m2 or 1620 KN/m2
c) residual deposit of shattered and broken rocks- 90 t/m2 or 880 KN/m2
d) soft rock – 45 t/m2 or 440 KN/m2
Non Cohesive Soil (sand & gravel ) –
a) compact gravel, sand and gravel – 45 t/m2 or 440 KN/m2
b) compact and dry coarse sand – 45 t/m2 or 440 KN/m2
c) compact and dry medium sand – 25 t/m2 or 245 KN/m2
d) find sand – 15 t/m2 or 150 KN/m2
e) loose gavel or sand – 25 t/m2 or 245 KN/m2
f) loose and dry fine sand – 10 t/m2 or 100 KN/m2
Cohesive soil –
a) hard or stiff clay, soft shale – 45 t/m2 or 440 KN/m2
b) medium clay – 25 t/m2 or 245 KN/m2
c) moist clay and sand clay mixture – 15 t/m2 or 150 KN/m2
d) soft clay – 10 t/m2 or 100 KN/m2
e) very soft clay – 5 t/m2 or 50 KN/m2
f) black cotton soil , peat – by soil investigation
This is bit difficult to state like this. Generally, in fields, we deal with layered soil systems where in you need to work out settlement of each layer and then compare the same to allowable settlement of the subject structure. The allowable settlement for each structure in different and hence the criterion changes all the time.
More than shear criteria, the settlement criteria generally governs the safe bearing capacity of a soil. So, it is difficult to standardize the bearing capacity values in case of soils. May be, in the case of rock, you can standardize the values as the rock does not settle more than 3–4 mm.
See lessWhich type of foundation is best for black cotton soil?
Depending on the structural needs one can choose shallow, deep as well as mat foundation. The thing that matters is which type of structure is going to be built. Thank you!
Depending on the structural needs one can choose shallow, deep as well as mat foundation. The thing that matters is which type of structure is going to be built.
Thank you!
See lessWhy is the main reinforcement provided on the longer side of raft footing?
The longest span is in more critical section due to which main reinforcement is provided on the longer span. The longest span has to bear a higher bending moment. This is because the uplift pressure from the soil below will be equal in all locations, but the moment developed at the longer span willRead more
The longest span is in more critical section due to which main reinforcement is provided on the longer span. The longest span has to bear a higher bending moment. This is because the uplift pressure from the soil below will be equal in all locations, but the moment developed at the longer span will be higher because of a long arm. Its a uniformly distributed load and so it produces a larger moment on a longer beam. Thus, the main reinforcement is provided in longer span.
See lessWhat are the factor affecting in selection of foundation ?
Factors affecting the selection of foundation: Factors affecting the selection of foundation based on politics to basic criteria: Based on soil condition Based on loads from the building 1. based on soil condition: The shallow foundations are most preferred Foundation whenever the soil close to theRead more
Factors affecting the selection of foundation based on politics to basic criteria:
1. based on soil condition:
2. based on loads from the building:
Thank you.
See lessWhich type of foundation are used for G+5 building?
Pile foundation and raft foundation is used for a high rise structure. Pile foundations are more capable of taking higher loads than spread footings. When allowable bearing pressure is low, the heavy structure is present & the site is with a highly compressible layer; then raft foundationRead more
Pile foundation and raft foundation is used for a high rise structure.
Pile foundations are more capable of taking higher loads than spread footings.
When allowable bearing pressure is low, the heavy structure is present & the site is with a highly compressible layer; then raft foundation is applicable.
Thank You.
See less
aviratdhodare
Slope stability is the process of calculating and assessing how much stress a particular slope can manage before failing. Examples of common slopes include roads for commercial use, dams, excavated slopes, and soft rock trails in reservoirs, forests, and parks. Considering the importance of slope stRead more
Slope stability is the process of calculating and assessing how much stress a particular slope can manage before failing. Examples of common slopes include roads for commercial use, dams, excavated slopes, and soft rock trails in reservoirs, forests, and parks. Considering the importance of slope stability to their work, it’s beneficial for civil engineers to understand how to properly evaluate slope stability and leverage various techniques to achieve slope stabilization.
Evaluating Slope Stability
Civil engineers evaluate slope stability on the following premise: if a slope is stable enough to resist movement, then it is considered stable; whereas if the movement is too strong for a slope, then it is considered unstable. There are a number of elements that factor into determining slope stability and are analyzed through a series of tests by civil engineers. Four of the most prominent factors include:
Another factor which civil engineers must keep in mind is whether they are interested in determining short-term stability, long-term stability, or both. In either of these cases, civil engineers will need to evaluate the soil and determine if there is potential for slippage or sliding. In analyzing for long-term stability, engineers will also need to consider a number of factors, such as evaluating the potential quality of the soil in five or ten years or potential environmental events that could rupture or alter the soil.
Techniques for Stabilization
There are a number of techniques that civil engineers can leverage in achieving stabilization, some of which include:
One of the more recent trends in slope stability is the implementation of sustainable slopes, particularly for flood protection systems. This process has become quite complicated as a result of the numerous variables that come with introducing a new and powerful element such as water. Due to these variables, civil engineers have had to expand and tighten their assessment and calculation skills as they deal with new uncertainties, such as the exact strength and power of a given flood.
3D slope analysis is another growing trend for achieving and maintaining slope stability. Although not always necessary, 3D slope analysis has developed into a unique component of the slope stability process as it provides civil engineers with the capability to observe and analyze the actual state of the slope, as opposed to 2D which often relies upon assumptions to simplify the process. Furthermore, 2D slope analysis can be done only once a civil engineer knows the configuration and soil framework, whereas 3D slope analysis is able to manage more complex and potentially unknown factors. Examples of when 3D slope analysis may be used include:
Slope stability has become a crucial component of America’s expanding infrastructure ecosystem. By calculating slope stability, civil engineers are able to create beautiful and innovative infrastructures in regions and areas that in the past were deemed unsafe for a building. Furthermore, the insight gained by determining slope stability has given civil engineers an expanded understanding of natural laws and forces, which they can study to improve future projects, as well as progress the civil engineering industry as a whole.
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