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Asked: September 22, 2020In: Foundation

Foundation appears to move up or down

hbgtbt
hbgtbt

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Good afternoon Folks:  If my foundation appears to move up when we get heavy rains and then back down when we have no rain for months – other than this being an irritant ; does this generally mean there is ...

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

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    Added an answer on November 21, 2020 at 5:43 pm
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    The vertical movement in foundations is caused by : Either downwards movement of the wall or wall footing, when a wall footing sinks in soft soil. An up and down movement of the wall or wall footings such as when a wall is disturbed by frost in a freezing climate Expansive clay soils expand or shrinRead more

    The vertical movement in foundations is caused by :

    1. Either downwards movement of the wall or wall footing, when a wall footing sinks in soft soil.
    2. An up and down movement of the wall or wall footings such as when a wall is disturbed by frost in a freezing climate
    3. Expansive clay soils expand or shrink as their water content increases or decreases.

    Thank You.

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Asked: September 28, 2020In: Foundation

What are the construction practices which are used to avoid differential settlement in foundation?

nikeetasharma
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What are the construction practices used to avoid differential settlement in foundation?

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

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    Added an answer on November 20, 2020 at 1:42 pm
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    Differential settlement in foundation: Usually, due to poor compaction, lower bearing capacity of the soil, high depth of hard strata, various changes in water content in soil are the basic reason behind the differential settlement of soil. Apart from that, trees & vegetation is not good for fouRead more

    Differential settlement in foundation:

    Usually, due to poor compaction, lower bearing capacity of the soil, high depth of hard strata, various changes in water content in soil are the basic reason behind the differential settlement of soil.

    Apart from that, trees & vegetation is not good for foundation safety.

    Soil consolidation is the main reason for differential settlement of the foundation.

    Foundation push piers & foundation underpinning also harms the foundation, which leads to a differential settlement.

    Thank you.

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Asked: April 27, 2019In: Foundation

What is the Procedure for Foundation Construction of a Building?

Ezekiel 23
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What is the step by step procedure for construction of foundation for a building? How the foundation construction is carried out at site?

  1. dbnalawade

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    Added an answer on July 30, 2020 at 2:18 pm

    Step by Step procedure for construction of building foundation on an organised construction site can be as below: First step is to write a method statement involving scope of work, references, count and type equipments and labour required and requirements . Ensure you have  approved drawings good foRead more

    Step by Step procedure for construction of building foundation on an organised construction site can be as below:

    1. First step is to write a method statement involving scope of work, references, count and type equipments and labour required and requirements .
    2. Ensure you have  approved drawings good for construction
    3. Prepare BBS for foundations and order reinforcement and ensure materials are on site and correctly stored.
    4. Request survey department to mark foundation centrelines and sizes including working space.
    5. Perform excavation manually or using machines depending on depth, nature of soil and water table. Some time you may to resort to dewatring to keep the water well below the foundation level.
    6. Do not over excavate . Any over excavation should be made top by lean concrete.
    7. Do not expose the foundation level for long time time. Ensure lean concrete is poured as soon as foundation level is reached .
    8. Inspect the foundation level for loose material or soft patches.
    9. Lean concrete is normally 75mm in thickness
    10. Following PCC or lean concrete, install reinforcement including column reinforcement or dowels and shutter the foundation. Use concrete covers of required size at the bottom and sides of reinforcement.
    11. In Middle East they introduce waterproof membranes ( refer: Grace Products)on lean concrete which raps the entire foundation as protection ( also known as tanking)
    12. Once the rebar is in place , with cover you need dust off and get the foundation inspected.
    13. Concrete Pour Card provides you all the checks you need to perform before casting foundations.
    14. You order correct grade concrete + check slump+temperature before concrete is allowed to be poured.
    15. Compact the concrete in layers using vibrators without leading to segregation.
    16. Cast the cubes to test at 7 and 28 days
    17. Cure the cast concrete for minimum of 10 days if it is wet curing
    18. Deshuttering of vertical faces is normally 24 hour to 48 hours.
    19. Once deshuttered and cured foundation is provided with coating or membrane protection.
    20. Finally foundations are backfilled by selected approved fill material in layers of 200mm or less to 95% degree.

    Hope this helps.

     

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Asked: September 25, 2020In: Foundation

What is meant by stability of slope ? How to calculate slope stability?

nikeetasharma
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what is stability of slope and how can we calculate it?

  1. aviratdhodare

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    Added an answer on January 3, 2021 at 7:09 pm
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    Slope stability is the process of calculating and assessing how much stress a particular slope can manage before failing. Examples of common slopes include roads for commercial use, dams, excavated slopes, and soft rock trails in reservoirs, forests, and parks. Considering the importance of slope stRead more

    Slope stability is the process of calculating and assessing how much stress a particular slope can manage before failing. Examples of common slopes include roads for commercial use, dams, excavated slopes, and soft rock trails in reservoirs, forests, and parks. Considering the importance of slope stability to their work, it’s beneficial for civil engineers to understand how to properly evaluate slope stability and leverage various techniques to achieve slope stabilization.

    Evaluating Slope Stability

    Civil engineers evaluate slope stability on the following premise: if a slope is stable enough to resist movement, then it is considered stable; whereas if the movement is too strong for a slope, then it is considered unstable. There are a number of elements that factor into determining slope stability and are analyzed through a series of tests by civil engineers. Four of the most prominent factors include:

    • Relief – height differences amongst the slope’s terrain.
    • Material Strength – the strength of the material used in creating the slope.
    • Soil Water Content – relative amount of water in the soil surrounding the slope.
    • Vegetation – plants and vegetation covering and/or surrounding the slope area.

    Another factor which civil engineers must keep in mind is whether they are interested in determining short-term stability, long-term stability, or both. In either of these cases, civil engineers will need to evaluate the soil and determine if there is potential for slippage or sliding. In analyzing for long-term stability, engineers will also need to consider a number of factors, such as evaluating the potential quality of the soil in five or ten years or potential environmental events that could rupture or alter the soil.

    Techniques for Stabilization

    There are a number of techniques that civil engineers can leverage in achieving stabilization, some of which include:

    • Anchor blocking – where blocks are strategically placed across the slope to resist the movement of sliding soil.
    • Soil nailing – stabilization is achieved through the use of steel nails, which help provide support to the slope and/or infrastructure.
    • Gabions – attempt to provide stability through the use of walls (similar to blocks) formed with the soil. These walls are capable of being temporary for stability rehabilitation or permanent.
    • Micropile slide stabilization system – uses micropiles, concrete beams, and at times anchors to achieve stabilization. With this system, civil engineers insert a concrete beam into the ground then drill micropiles into the beam at various angles. Once complete, the connected micropiles will provide enough stability to protect an infrastructure from any sliding forces it may encounter.

    One of the more recent trends in slope stability is the implementation of sustainable slopes, particularly for flood protection systems. This process has become quite complicated as a result of the numerous variables that come with introducing a new and powerful element such as water. Due to these variables, civil engineers have had to expand and tighten their assessment and calculation skills as they deal with new uncertainties, such as the exact strength and power of a given flood.

    3D slope analysis is another growing trend for achieving and maintaining slope stability. Although not always necessary, 3D slope analysis has developed into a unique component of the slope stability process as it provides civil engineers with the capability to observe and analyze the actual state of the slope, as opposed to 2D which often relies upon assumptions to simplify the process. Furthermore, 2D slope analysis can be done only once a civil engineer knows the configuration and soil framework, whereas 3D slope analysis is able to manage more complex and potentially unknown factors. Examples of when 3D slope analysis may be used include:

    • Slopes featuring complex geometry
    • Differences in the geometry of slope and slip surface
    • Locally surcharged slope

    Slope stability has become a crucial component of America’s expanding infrastructure ecosystem. By calculating slope stability, civil engineers are able to create beautiful and innovative infrastructures in regions and areas that in the past were deemed unsafe for a building. Furthermore, the insight gained by determining slope stability has given civil engineers an expanded understanding of natural laws and forces, which they can study to improve future projects, as well as progress the civil engineering industry as a whole.

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Asked: May 14, 2020In: Foundation

When should we opt for continuous footing?

kheiro brahim
kheiro brahim

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When should we opt for continuous footing?

  1. nikeetasharma

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    Added an answer on October 29, 2020 at 5:57 pm

    A continuous footing is the one which supports more than two columns. This footing is also called as strip footing and is analogous to the strip footing for wall. The loads from the individual columns are transferred either directly to the footing slab, or through a longitudinal beam running longituRead more

    A continuous footing is the one which supports more than two columns. This footing is also called as strip footing and is analogous to the strip footing for wall. The loads from the individual columns are transferred either directly to the footing slab, or through a longitudinal beam running longitudinally when the loads are heavy.

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Asked: May 14, 2020In: Foundation

How to Inspect and Monitor Chemical Jet Grouting Process?

kiruba karan
kiruba karan

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I want to know how to monitor and carry out inspection of the chemical jet grouting process at the construction site?

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    Added an answer on October 19, 2020 at 10:28 pm
    This answer was edited.
    How to Inspect and Monitor Chemical Jet Grouting Process?

    Jet grouting process: Jet grouting was first introduced by Pilots terraces S.A. in the year 2010 and in 2011, the first project using jet columns was constructed. Applications: Soil capacity improvement Settlement control Reduction of soil permeability Other environmental applications Underpinning eRead more

    Jet grouting process:

    Jet grouting was first introduced by Pilots terraces S.A. in the year 2010 and in 2011, the first project using jet columns was constructed.

    Applications:

    • Soil capacity improvement
    • Settlement control
    • Reduction of soil permeability
    • Other environmental applications
    • Underpinning existing Foundation
    • Ground improvement
    • Lateral support excavations
    • Hydraulic barriers
    • Slope stabilization
    • Liquefaction control

    The treat grouting is one of the most demanding soil improvement technique and requires excellence in designing and execution engineers and involved specialist.


    The field test allows selecting the most effective execution parameters and verifies that the final product with its design properties.


    Thank You.

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Asked: May 26, 2020In: Foundation

Difference between Gross Bearing Capacity and Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil?

RaghavArora
RaghavArora

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What is the difference between Safe Bearing Capacity and Gross Bearing Capacity?

  1. Neenu S K

    Neenu S K

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    Added an answer on May 30, 2020 at 4:02 pm

    Hi, In gross bearing capacity, the gross load is taken. Loads from the superstructure, self-weight of the foundation, and overburden pressure are the gross loads. Gross bearing capacity value is not taken in design as it is very high. Safe bearing capacity is the bearing capacity value that neglectsRead more

    Hi,

    In gross bearing capacity, the gross load is taken. Loads from the superstructure, self-weight of the foundation, and overburden pressure are the gross loads. Gross bearing capacity value is not taken in design as it is very high.

    Safe bearing capacity is the bearing capacity value that neglects the overburden pressure and stress due to the footing weight. It is obtained by considering the factor of safety, i.e. net load is taken into consideration. More detailed explanation is given below.

    GROSS BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL (qu)

    • It is also called as Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Soil
    • It is represented by qu
    • Minimum gross pressure or load on the soil that can cause shear failure of the soil just below the footing.
    • Gross bearing capacity of the soil is defined based on gross load.
    • Gross load includes: Loads from superstructure, self-weight of the foundation and overburden pressure.

    NET ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL (qnu)

    • Represented by qnu
    • Net ultimate bearing Capacity = Gross bearing Capacity – (Stress due to weight of the footing + Stress due to overburden or surcharge)
    • As shown in below figure, the depth of footing is Df, if the density of footing and soil are same, equal to γ. Then, qnu= qu – γDf

    SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL

    • Safe Bearing capacity of soil is obtained after applying the factor of safety.
    • It is divided into two:
      • Safe Net Bearing Capacity
      • Safe Gross Bearing Capacity
    • Safe Net Bearing Capacity is defined as the net soil pressure that can be safely applied to the soil considering shear failure alone. It is obtained as qns = Net Ultimate Bearing Capacity (qnu)/Factor of Safety, i.e. qns = qnu/FS
    • Safe Gross Bearing Capacity or Safe bearing Capacity is defined as the maximum gross pressure that soil can carry without shear failure. It is given by safe gross bearing capacity qs = qns + γDf
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Asked: July 24, 2020In: Foundation

What is punching shear failure of foundation?

Vivek Patel
Vivek Patel

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What is punching shear failure of foundation?

  1. nikeetasharma

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    Added an answer on December 21, 2020 at 7:06 pm

    The causes of punching shear failure are as follows :- - Poor drainage. Some examples of poor drainage include short downspouts clogged gutters , or lack of waterproofing. - Weather conditions - Poor soil conditions - Transpiration - Poor building site and ground preparation

    The causes of punching shear failure are as follows :-

    – Poor drainage. Some examples of poor drainage include short downspouts clogged gutters , or lack of waterproofing.

    – Weather conditions

    – Poor soil conditions

    – Transpiration

    – Poor building site and ground preparation

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