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Asked: In:
Vivek Patel
Vivek Patel

Vivek Patel

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What is punching shear failure of foundation?

  1. nikeetasharma

    nikeetasharma

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    nikeetasharma Guru

    The causes of punching shear failure are as follows :- - Poor drainage. Some examples of poor drainage include short downspouts clogged gutters , or lack of waterproofing. - Weather conditions - Poor soil conditions - Transpiration - Poor building site and ground preparation

    The causes of punching shear failure are as follows :-

    – Poor drainage. Some examples of poor drainage include short downspouts clogged gutters , or lack of waterproofing.

    – Weather conditions

    – Poor soil conditions

    – Transpiration

    – Poor building site and ground preparation

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Abbas Khan Civil Engineer
Abbas Khan Civil Engineer

Abbas Khan Civil Engineer

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What is the difference between gray water and black water in sewage? How can we differentiate between them in a sewer?

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    This answer was edited.
    What is the difference between Gray Water and Black Water in Sewers?

    Difference between Black Water and greywater: Black Water: Blackwater is the best water from bathrooms and toilets that contains faecal matter and urine. Waterproof kitchens and dishwashers are also considered Black Water due to the contamination of pathogens. It is also referred to as she waits forRead more

    Difference between Black Water and greywater:

    Black Water:

    • Blackwater is the best water from bathrooms and toilets that contains faecal matter and urine.
    • Waterproof kitchens and dishwashers are also considered Black Water due to the contamination of pathogens.
    • It is also referred to as she waits for groundwater and can carry diseases and bacteria both of which could be harmful.

    Treatment of blackwater:

    • The biological or chemical treatment and infection are required for treating Black Water.

    Greywater:

    • Greywater is the best water that comes from sinks, washing machines, bathtubs and showers.
    • Greywater contains a very low level of contamination and making it easier to treat and process.
    • Recycled greywater is commonly used in irrigation and constructed wetlands as long as no harmful chemicals are present.

    Treatment of Greywater

    • Greywater can be reused in cartoons with little or no treatment subsurface irrigation system to evenly spread water around in the garden.
    • This method is very safe for treated greywater.

    Thank you.

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nikeetasharma
nikeetasharma

nikeetasharma

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explain briefly about pile foundation and in which type of soil it can be used?

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    Komal Bhandakkar AUTHOR
    This answer was edited.

    Pile foundations are habitually used for large structures and in certain situations where the soil at shallow depth is unsuitable to withstand excessive settlement & resist uplift. Thank You.

    Pile foundations are habitually used for large structures and in certain situations where the soil at shallow depth is unsuitable to withstand excessive settlement & resist uplift.

    Thank You.

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Ezekiel 23
Ezekiel 23

Ezekiel 23

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What is the step by step procedure for construction of foundation for a building? How the foundation construction is carried out at site?

  1. dbnalawade

    dbnalawade

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    dbnalawade Expert

    Step by Step procedure for construction of building foundation on an organised construction site can be as below: First step is to write a method statement involving scope of work, references, count and type equipments and labour required and requirements . Ensure you have  approved drawings good foRead more

    Step by Step procedure for construction of building foundation on an organised construction site can be as below:

    1. First step is to write a method statement involving scope of work, references, count and type equipments and labour required and requirements .
    2. Ensure you have  approved drawings good for construction
    3. Prepare BBS for foundations and order reinforcement and ensure materials are on site and correctly stored.
    4. Request survey department to mark foundation centrelines and sizes including working space.
    5. Perform excavation manually or using machines depending on depth, nature of soil and water table. Some time you may to resort to dewatring to keep the water well below the foundation level.
    6. Do not over excavate . Any over excavation should be made top by lean concrete.
    7. Do not expose the foundation level for long time time. Ensure lean concrete is poured as soon as foundation level is reached .
    8. Inspect the foundation level for loose material or soft patches.
    9. Lean concrete is normally 75mm in thickness
    10. Following PCC or lean concrete, install reinforcement including column reinforcement or dowels and shutter the foundation. Use concrete covers of required size at the bottom and sides of reinforcement.
    11. In Middle East they introduce waterproof membranes ( refer: Grace Products)on lean concrete which raps the entire foundation as protection ( also known as tanking)
    12. Once the rebar is in place , with cover you need dust off and get the foundation inspected.
    13. Concrete Pour Card provides you all the checks you need to perform before casting foundations.
    14. You order correct grade concrete + check slump+temperature before concrete is allowed to be poured.
    15. Compact the concrete in layers using vibrators without leading to segregation.
    16. Cast the cubes to test at 7 and 28 days
    17. Cure the cast concrete for minimum of 10 days if it is wet curing
    18. Deshuttering of vertical faces is normally 24 hour to 48 hours.
    19. Once deshuttered and cured foundation is provided with coating or membrane protection.
    20. Finally foundations are backfilled by selected approved fill material in layers of 200mm or less to 95% degree.

    Hope this helps.

     

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Gopal Mishra
Gopal Mishra

Gopal Mishra

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What are the bearing capacity values of different types of soils such as clay, sand, gravel, rocks etc.?

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    aviratdhodare

    Follwoing are the values of safe bearing capacity as per IS:1904–1978 - Rocks - a) hard sound rock - 330 t/m2 or 3240 KN/m2 b) leminated rock - 165 t/m2 or 1620 KN/m2 c) residual deposit of shattered and broken rocks- 90 t/m2 or 880 KN/m2 d) soft rock - 45 t/m2 or 440 KN/m2 Non Cohesive Soil (sandRead more

    Follwoing are the values of safe bearing capacity as per IS:1904–1978 –

    Rocks –

    a) hard sound rock – 330 t/m2 or 3240 KN/m2

    b) leminated rock – 165 t/m2 or 1620 KN/m2

    c) residual deposit of shattered and broken rocks- 90 t/m2 or 880 KN/m2

    d) soft rock – 45 t/m2 or 440 KN/m2

    Non Cohesive Soil (sand & gravel ) –

    a) compact gravel, sand and gravel – 45 t/m2 or 440 KN/m2

    b) compact and dry coarse sand – 45 t/m2 or 440 KN/m2

    c) compact and dry medium sand – 25 t/m2 or 245 KN/m2

    d) find sand – 15 t/m2 or 150 KN/m2

    e) loose gavel or sand – 25 t/m2 or 245 KN/m2

    f) loose and dry fine sand – 10 t/m2 or 100 KN/m2

    Cohesive soil –

    a) hard or stiff clay, soft shale – 45 t/m2 or 440 KN/m2

    b) medium clay – 25 t/m2 or 245 KN/m2

    c) moist clay and sand clay mixture – 15 t/m2 or 150 KN/m2

    d) soft clay – 10 t/m2 or 100 KN/m2

    e) very soft clay – 5 t/m2 or 50 KN/m2

    f) black cotton soil , peat – by soil investigation

    This is bit difficult to state like this. Generally, in fields, we deal with layered soil systems where in you need to work out settlement of each layer and then compare the same to allowable settlement of the subject structure. The allowable settlement for each structure in different and hence the criterion changes all the time.

    More than shear criteria, the settlement criteria generally governs the safe bearing capacity of a soil. So, it is difficult to standardize the bearing capacity values in case of soils. May be, in the case of rock, you can standardize the values as the rock does not settle more than 3–4 mm.

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    • 34
Asked: In:
Stranger tides
Stranger tides

Stranger tides

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During manual concreting of a raft footing which was designed for M25 grade concrete, the estimated cement required was 240 bags, while the laborers due to sheer negligence have added only 140 bags. The Soil conditions are good. There was ...

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    Komal Bhandakkar AUTHOR
    This answer was edited.
    What is the Possibility of Footing Failure with Reduced Cement Content?

    Effect of cement content on strength of footing: The result reveals that the strength of concrete Foundation increases with increasing cement content in it. However, for concrete with cement content more than 150 kg per metre cube then the strength increases with the increase in the size of coarse aRead more

    Effect of cement content on strength of footing:

    The result reveals that the strength of concrete Foundation increases with increasing cement content in it.

    However, for concrete with cement content more than 150 kg per metre cube then the strength increases with the increase in the size of coarse aggregate up to 25 mm and decreases as the aggregate size increases beyond 25mm.

    Without a proper range of cement in the mixture then low strength development or excessive shrinkage may occur leading to premature deterioration.

    Thank you.  

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Asked: In:
AKM59
AKM59

AKM59

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If we have two spread footing foundation (Isolated Pads) of square sizes (1m x 1m) and (2m x 2m),with axial loads ; (10t) and (40t) respectively, by assuming the soil features and specification for the two pads ,is the same , So ...

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    aviratdhodare

    Since the dimentions and magnitude of the 2nd is more than the first one, the settlement would not be same roughly. Bcoz the dimension are twice the 1st one, Magnitude is 4 times the 1st one. So bcoz of this, obviously the 2nd footing will be settled more.

    Since the dimentions and magnitude of the 2nd is more than the first one, the settlement would not be same roughly.

    Bcoz the dimension are twice the 1st one, Magnitude is 4 times the 1st one.

    So bcoz of this, obviously the 2nd footing will be settled more.

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    • 34
Asked: In:
nikeetasharma
nikeetasharma

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What are the construction practices used to avoid differential settlement in foundation?

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    Komal Bhandakkar AUTHOR
    This answer was edited.

    Differential settlement in foundation: Usually, due to poor compaction, lower bearing capacity of the soil, high depth of hard strata, various changes in water content in soil are the basic reason behind the differential settlement of soil. Apart from that, trees & vegetation is not good for fouRead more

    Differential settlement in foundation:

    Usually, due to poor compaction, lower bearing capacity of the soil, high depth of hard strata, various changes in water content in soil are the basic reason behind the differential settlement of soil.

    Apart from that, trees & vegetation is not good for foundation safety.

    Soil consolidation is the main reason for differential settlement of the foundation.

    Foundation push piers & foundation underpinning also harms the foundation, which leads to a differential settlement.

    Thank you.

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