Effect of cement content on strength of footing:

The result reveals that the strength of concrete Foundation increases with increasing cement content in it.

However, for concrete with cement content more than 150 kg per metre cube then the strength increases with the increase in the size of coarse aggregate up to 25 mm and decreases as the aggregate size increases beyond 25mm.

Without a proper range of cement in the mixture then low strength development or excessive shrinkage may occur leading to premature deterioration.

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Pile foundation and raft foundation is used for a high rise structure.

Pile foundations are more capable of taking higher loads than spread footings.

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When allowable bearing pressure is low, the heavy structure is present & the site is with a highly compressible layer; then raft foundation is applicable.

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Difference between Black Water and greywater:

Black Water:

• Blackwater is the best water from bathrooms and toilets that contains faecal matter and urine.
  

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• Waterproof kitchens and dishwashers are also considered Black Water due to the contamination of pathogens.
  

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• It is also referred to as she waits for groundwater and can carry diseases and bacteria both of which could be harmful.

Treatment of blackwater:

• The biological or chemical treatment and infection are required for treating Black Water.

Greywater:

• Greywater is the best water that comes from sinks, washing machines, bathtubs and showers.
  

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• Greywater contains a very low level of contamination and making it easier to treat and process.
  

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• Recycled greywater is commonly used in irrigation and constructed wetlands as long as no harmful chemicals are present.

Treatment of Greywater

• Greywater can be reused in cartoons with little or no treatment subsurface irrigation system to evenly spread water around in the garden.
  

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• This method is very safe for treated greywater.

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