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What is purpose of lintel and sill level in building construction?
aviratdhodare
Window sill level The level which is exactly below the window frame it is a horizontal shelf at the bottom of the window frame. It protects the junction of the window and provides additional support and stability for the window. Having level around 0.6m to 0.9m from floor level. variety of window siRead more
Window sill level
The level which is exactly below the window frame it is a horizontal shelf at the bottom of the window frame. It protects the junction of the window and provides additional support and stability for the window. Having level around 0.6m to 0.9m from floor level. variety of window sill materials available.
Lintel level:
This is the just above the window and door frame to take load coming from wall which is above the window and door frame. It may be of concrete, wooden, R.C.C., stone, etc. The level of lintel is around 2.1m to 2.3m.
How to Check the Strength of the Brick at Site?
aviratdhodare
Bricks are of two sizes ; Modular bricks : 19cm *9cm * 9cm (actual size ) Non modular size : 20 cm* 10 cm* 10 cm ( commonly used; size of bricks with mortar ) When two bricks are striked against each other it Should produce clear ringing sound. This brick is known to have sufficient soundnessRead more
Bricks are of two sizes ;
The bricks may contain harmful ingredients like alkalies, excess magnesia and excess lime. To know these values we have to do lab tests.
See lessWhat is the difference between Tar and Bitumen?
aviratdhodare
Tar And Bitumen Tar: No longer used for road construction because of its *Carcinogenic Effect and high temperature susceptibility. Presently, roads are mostly constructed using Bitumen. Reason For Confusion Between Tar and Bitumen: Both have black color and both have very good Waterproofing and adheRead more
* For Manufacturing of Tar, Coal is Burnt Without Presence of Oxygen. This induces formation of specific molecules called Polyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons [PAH] which are carcinogenic.
(PAH represent 20–30% Composition of Tar. That’s the Reason the Use of Tar is Banned in Most Countries.)
[PAH is also present in Bitumen. But only approximately 0.01%. So, it is not carcinogenic]
See lessWhat is full form of SP in Indian standard code?
aviratdhodare
With reference to the Bureau of Indian Standards BIS, the term 'SP' refers to "Special Publication." The Special Publications are general guidelines and or ready reference books, unlike the IS codes. The BIS codes have to be practiced without fail and are abide by the law. It is similar to ISI Mark-Read more
With reference to the Bureau of Indian Standards BIS, the term ‘SP’ refers to “Special Publication.” The Special Publications are general guidelines and or ready reference books, unlike the IS codes. The BIS codes have to be practiced without fail and are abide by the law. It is similar to ISI Mark- Indian Standard Institute of Bureau of Indian Standards. At the same time, the Special Publications are not codes and not bonded by law.
So when a building is designed and constructed, it has to conform to necessary and sufficient IS standards and codes. For illustration, the general code of practice for RCC buildings is IS 456:2000, the Code of practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete. That means the building has got the ISI Mark of IS 456:200 and abides by the law. The buildings which are constructed without conforming to IS Codes are unlawful.
Whereas, the IS SP 34: HANDBOOK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT AND DETAILING (WITH AMENDMENT 1) is just a guideline on reinforcement detailing. This aids as an enhancement in designing and detailing of rebar. Not following these guidelines doesn’t put anyone behind bars and doesn’t abide by the law. It is left with the conciseness of the designer and executor of building whether to follow the Special Publication guidelines or not. However, as a good engineering practice, everyone in the construction industry follows the Special Publication guidelines without fail.
See lessWhat are the properties of good building stones?
aviratdhodare
Crushing Strength Appearance Appearance should be decent and color should last long Durability For making them durable, natural bed shall be precisely noted. The stones ought to be organized in such a structure, that the natural bed ought to be perpendicular or near the bearing of weight. Facility oRead more
Crushing Strength
Appearance
Appearance should be decent and color should last long
Durability
For making them durable, natural bed shall be precisely noted. The stones ought to be organized in such a structure, that the natural bed ought to be perpendicular or near the bearing of weight.
Facility of Dressing
It should be easily- carved, moulded, cut and dressed. The stones to be used should be choosed wisely.
Fracture
should be sharp, even, bright and clear with grains well cemented together.
Hardness
Coeff of hardness: >17 to use in roadwork, 14-17 medium hardness, <14 should not be used.
Percentage Wear
>3% no use, = 3% tolerable, ≤ 3% good
Resistance to Fire
Seasoning
Time-lapse of 6 – 12 months is good for seasoning
Specific Gravity
2.4 to 2 .8, heavy stones – dams, weirs, retaining walls, docks, harbours, etc and lighter stones – domes, roof coverings, etc.
Texture
compact fine crystalline structure free from cavities, cracks or patches of soft or loose material.
Toughness Index
< 13 no use, 13 – 19 medium tough, > 19 very tough
Water Absorption
% absorption by weight after 24 hours should not be greater than 0.60.
Weathering
Under what situation shall engineers use jacking at one end only and from both ends in prestressing work?
aviratdhodare
During prestressing work toward one side, frictional losses will happen and the prestressing force diminishes along the length of tendon until arriving at the opposite side. These frictional losses incorporate the rubbing incited because of the change in curvature of tendon duct and furthermore theRead more
During prestressing work toward one side, frictional losses will happen and the prestressing force diminishes along the length of tendon until arriving at the opposite side. These frictional losses incorporate the rubbing incited because of the change in curvature of tendon duct and furthermore the wobble impact because of deviation of duct arrangement from the centerline. In this way, the prestress force in the mid-span or at the opposite end will be enormously diminished in the event that the frictional loss is high. Subsequently, prestressing, from the two ends for a single span i.e., prestressing one-portion of complete tendons toward one side and the other half at the opposite end is done to empower an even dissemination and to give balance of prestress force along the structure.
Actually, stressing toward one side possibly has the expected favorable position of lower cost when contrasted and stressing from the two finishes. For various spans (for example two spans) with inconsistent range length, jacking is generally used toward the end of the more extended span in order to give a higher prestress power at the area of most extreme positive moment. Despite what might be expected, jacking from the end of the shorter span would be led if the negative moment at the middle support help controls the prestress force. Be that as it may, if the complete span length is adequately long, jacking from the two closures should to be thought of.
See lessWhat is difference between Asphalt and Bitumen?
aviratdhodare
Tar And Bitumen Tar: No longer used for road construction because of its *Carcinogenic Effect and high temperature susceptibility. Presently, roads are mostly constructed using Bitumen. Reason For Confusion Between Tar and Bitumen: Both have black color and both have very good Waterproofing and adheRead more
* For Manufacturing of Tar, Coal is Burnt Without Presence of Oxygen. This induces formation of specific molecules called Polyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons [PAH] which are carcinogenic.
(PAH represent 20–30% Composition of Tar. That’s the Reason the Use of Tar is Banned in Most Countries.)
[PAH is also present in Bitumen. But only approximately 0.01%. So, it is not carcinogenic]
2. Bitumen and Asphalt:
What is the difference between an architectural technician and an architect?
aviratdhodare
Architects make plans for new construction projects, modifications, and redevelopments. They utilize their expert development information and significant level drawing skills to design structures that are functional, safe, sustainable, and aesthetically pleasing. Architects remain included all throuRead more
Architects make plans for new construction projects, modifications, and redevelopments. They utilize their expert development information and significant level drawing skills to design structures that are functional, safe, sustainable, and aesthetically pleasing. Architects remain included all through the development procedure, adjusting their arrangements as indicated by spending requirements, natural elements, or customer needs. In that capacity, they work as a feature of a general undertaking configuration group, working intimately with a scope of development experts from amount assessors to building administration engineers.
Architectural technicians are answerable for any technical specifications of a specific part of the architectural project. They create and design segments of the task with great detail, indicating definite estimations. They are typically entrusted with breaking down the usefulness of the project, just as assessing what potential mistakes could happen. Because of the precision required from the drafts and portrays, the technicians are appointed, they typically should draw a few representations of a similar segment with shifting edges and perspectives for the construction group.
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